http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).19
10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).19
Published : Jun 2022
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): From Geo-strategic Preferences to Economic Integration
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a 'fate-changer' for Pakistan's starved economy. China's foreign policy achieves a glorious past after fulfilling the 'Chinese dream.' To fulfil the national objective, China outlines economic integration in the face of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and CPEC is the flagship project of BRI. China's financial foreign policy objective is to get economic prosperity through exclusive economic integration. This paper aims to answer the puzzle; how does economic integration lead to political alignment? After an analytical observation, the authors argue that political integrity runs parallel with 'economic prosperity' and 'state's security'. If states can achieve it, partnership leads to strategic integration. The study uses secondary data and attempts to construct the hypothesis on the observation that is based on three levels of integration; economic, political & strategic.
-
CPEC, Security, Terrorism, Strategic Integration, China, Pakistan
-
(1) Asif Amin
Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Marriyam Siddique
PhD Scholar, International Relations, Jilin University, China.
- Correspondent, O. (2021, June 1). Gwadar Port, Free Zone to generate $10 bn economic activity. The News International. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/842968-gwadar-port-free-zone-to-generate-10-bn-economic-activity
- Schrag, J. (2020, August 26). How Will the Belt and Road Initiative Advance China’s Interests? | ChinaPower Project. ChinaPower Project. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-belt-and-road-initiative
- “Impact of War in Afghanistan and Ensuring Terrorism on Pakistan's Economy†(Pakistan Economic Survey 2014-15, Ministry of Finance, Pakistan, 2015), https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chap ters_14/Annex_3.pdf
- Staff, R. (2017, June 9). Islamic State says it killed two Chinese teachers kidnapped in Pakistan. U.S. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-china-islamic-state-idUSKBN18Z20O
- “Military and Security Developments involving the People's Republic of China†(Annual Report to Congress, Office of the Secretary of Department of Defense, United States of America, 2020, https://media.defense.gov/2020/Sep/01/2002488689/-1/-1/1/2020-DOD-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT-FINAL.PDF
- “Mr. He Lifeng Chairman of National Development & Reform Commission- China,†CPEC AUTHORITY Ministry of Planning, Development, & Special Initiatives. http://cpec.gov.pk/messages/3
- Pak-China economic corridor to restore peace in region: Chinese PM. (2013, May 22). The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/552820/pak-china-economic-corridor-to-restore-peace-in-region%20Chinese-pm
- App. (2021, July 6). PM Imran launches various mega projects in Gwadar, says govt focusing on 'neglected areas' DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1633343
- Brecorder. (2012, July 8). Section-4 of Punjab Sales Tax on Services Act: Punjab assures Sindh to look into its reservations. Brecorder. https://www.brecorder.com/news/4000749
- DAWN.COM. (2021, June 29). Unfair of Western powers to pressure Pakistan to take sides, downgrade relations with China: PM Imran. DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1632198/unfair-of-western-powers-to-pressure-pakistan-to-take-sides-downgrade-relations-with-china-pm-imran
- Abid, M., & Ashfaq, A. B. (2015). CPEC: Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Vision, 17(2). http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/Artical-7_v16_2_2015.pdf
- Adnan, Noureen, Madiha Fayyaz, and Jamshed Ahmad. "CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR."
- Ahmed, Z. S. (2018). Impact of the China– Pakistan Economic Corridor on Nation- Building in Pakistan. Journal of Contemporary China, 28(117), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1542221
- Amin, A. (2018). Belt and Road Initiative five years later. China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/10/WS5b6d46f5a310add14f38525f.html
- Baloch, B. (2021, November 17). Thousands take part in Gwadar sit-in. DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1658521
- Butt, K. M., Kharl, S. H., & Bhatti, K. A. (2020). String of Pearls: Politics of Ports in Indian Ocean. A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 35(1), 73–86. http://journals.pu.edu.pk/journals/index.php/IJSAS/article/viewFile/4105/2009
- Khan, D. A. (2019, January 23). The increasing Chinese footprint in Islamabad. Herald Magazine. https://herald.dawn.com/news/1398787
- Batool, F. (2022). Political crisis in Pakistan: is democracy responsible? The Loop. https://theloop.ecpr.eu/political-crisis-in-pakistan-is-democracy-responsible/
- Garlick, J. (2018). Deconstructing the China– Pakistan Economic Corridor: Pipe Dreams Versus Geopolitical Realities. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(112), 519–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1433483
- Kanwal, G. (2022). Pakistan’s Gwadar Port: A New Naval Base in China’s String of Pearls in the Indo-Pacific. https://www.csis.org/analysis/pakistans-gwadar-port-new-naval-base-chinas-string-pearls-indo-pacific
- Hartpence, M. (2011). The Economic Dimension of Sino-Pakistani Relations: an overview. Journal of Contemporary China, 20(71), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2011.587160
- Huang, Y. (2016, February 9). Q. and A.: Yan Xuetong Urges China to Adopt a More Assertive Foreign Policy. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/10/world/asia/china-foreign-policy-yanxuetong.html?_r=0#story-continues-1
- Hussain, E. (2018). CPEC: Governance and Security Challenges—Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative. Chinese Political Science Review, 4(1), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-018-0109-z
- Hussain, F., Mian Saeed, [Ahmad], Nawaz, S., Haider, S. A., & Atif, M. (2021). Challenges to China-Pak Economic Corridor (CPEC): The Indian Perspective. Elementary Education Online, 20(5), 3764–3770. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.414
- China’s “Malacca Dilemma†- Jamestown. (2016, September 20). Jamestown. https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-malacca-dilemma/#.V5XJmzWOeW1
- International Conference on Central and South Asia Regional Connectivity, Challenges and Opportunities Summit, (Tashkent, Uzbekistan, July 16, 2021).
- Haider, I., & Haider, M. (2017, June 21). Economic corridor in focus as Pakistan, China sign 51 MoUs. DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1177109
- Alam, K. (2021, October 24). US colluding with India to sabotage CPEC: PM’s aide Khalid Mansoor. DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1653740/us-colluding-with-india-to-sabotage-cpec-pms-aide-khalid-mansoor
- Kenneth Roth. (2022, October 11). Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/about/people/kenneth-roth
- Kiani, K. (2015, April 23). Bahawalpur to have $1.5bn world’s largest solar power plant. DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1177634
- Khan, N. U. (2019). China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Opportunities and Challenges. Strategic Studies, 39(2), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.53532/ss.039.02.00112
- Li, Y., Leandro, F. J., & Figueiredo, P. N. (2022). Extending the China-Indian Ocean Blue Economic Passage. In IGI Global eBooks (pp. 252–286). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7619-9.ch013
- Qasim, F. (2017) "Pak Army's Special Security Division (SSD)-A response to CPEC security challenges." HILAL ENGLISH, https://www.hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/detail/NTcx.html
- Afzal, M. (2022). What is happening in Pakistan’s continuing crisis? Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2022/05/20/what-is-happening-in-pakistans-continuing-crisis/
- Markey, D. S., & West, J. (2016). Behind China’s Gambit in Pakistan. In Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/behind chinasgambitpakistan/p37855
- Jacques, M. (2012). When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order: Second Edition. Penguin.
- CPEC AUTHORITY Ministry of Planning, Development and Special Initiatives. http://cpec.gov.pk/special-economic-zones-projects
- Qayuum, Sehrish. "The Strategic Maritime Environment Of The Indian Ocean: An Analysis Of The Challenges And Prospects For Pakistan." P-JMR 3, no. 1 (2021): 23-23. http://polaris.bahria.edu.pk/index.php/ojs/article/view/39/36
- Rippa, A. (2020). Mapping the margins of China’s global ambitions: economic corridors, Silk Roads, and the end of proximity in the borderlands. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61(1), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1717363
- Small, A. (2017). First Movement: Pakistan and the Belt and Road Initiative. Asia Policy, 24(1), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2017.0024
- Raza, S. I. (2017, June 21). ‘15,000 military personnel protecting CPEC’ DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1316040
- Gibbons-Neff, T., Schmitt, E., & Cooper, H. (2021, July 4). Pentagon Accelerates Withdrawal From Afghanistan. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/us/politics/us-afghanistan-withdrawal.html
- Xi Jinping, "Embassy of the People's Republic of China In Jamaica," August 21, 2020, h ttp://jm.china-embassy.org/eng/zgxw/t1809229.html
- ZD, XINHUANET , “Xi: Jinping: Strive to write a new chapter in Sichuan’s development on a new journey,†May 14, 2017, (accessed March 23, 2022). http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/14/c_136281648.html
Cite this article
-
APA : Amin, A., & Siddique, M. (2022). China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): From Geo-strategic Preferences to Economic Integration. Global Economics Review, VII(II), 213-225. https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).19
-
CHICAGO : Amin, Asif, and Marriyam Siddique. 2022. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): From Geo-strategic Preferences to Economic Integration." Global Economics Review, VII (II): 213-225 doi: 10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).19
-
HARVARD : AMIN, A. & SIDDIQUE, M. 2022. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): From Geo-strategic Preferences to Economic Integration. Global Economics Review, VII, 213-225.
-
MHRA : Amin, Asif, and Marriyam Siddique. 2022. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): From Geo-strategic Preferences to Economic Integration." Global Economics Review, VII: 213-225
-
MLA : Amin, Asif, and Marriyam Siddique. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): From Geo-strategic Preferences to Economic Integration." Global Economics Review, VII.II (2022): 213-225 Print.
-
OXFORD : Amin, Asif and Siddique, Marriyam (2022), "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): From Geo-strategic Preferences to Economic Integration", Global Economics Review, VII (II), 213-225
-
TURABIAN : Amin, Asif, and Marriyam Siddique. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): From Geo-strategic Preferences to Economic Integration." Global Economics Review VII, no. II (2022): 213-225. https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).19