References
- Abbi, R., Christian, P., Gujral, S., & Gopaldas, T. (1991). The impact of maternal work status on the nutrition and health status of children. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 113(1), 20-25.
- Adhikari, R. P., Shrestha, M. L., Acharya, A., & Upadhaya, N. (2019). Determinants of stunting among children aged 0-59 months in Nepal: findings from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2006, 2011, and 2016. BMC Nutrition, 5(1), 1- 10.
- Ahmad, D., Afzal, M., & Imtiaz, A. (2020). Effect of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition among children in Pakistan. Future Business Journal, 6(1), 1-11.
- Arif, G.M., S. Nazir, M. N.Satti, & S. Farooq. (2012) Child malnutrition in Pakistan: Trends and Determinants. Pakistan institute of development and Economics. 1- 18.
- Babatunde, R.O., F. I. Olagunja, S. B. Fakayode, & Sola-Ojo. F.E. (2011). Prevalence and Determinants of Malnutrition among under-five children of farming household in Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 3(3): 173- 181.
- Castel, H., Shahar, D., & Harman-Boehm, I. (2006). Gender differences in factors associated with nutritional status of older medical patients. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 25(2), 128-134.
- Choudhury, K.K., Hanifi, M. A., Rasheed, S., and Bhuiya, A. (2000). Gender inequality and severe malnutrition among children in rural area of Bangladesh. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition, 18(3), 123-130
- Das, S. & Rahman, R. M. (2011). Application of Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis in Determining Risk Factors of Child Malnutrition in Bangladesh. Nutritional Journal, 10, 124
- Dhungana, G. P. (2017). Nutritional Status and the Associated Factors in Under Five Years Children of Lamjung, Gorkha and Tanahun Districts of Nepal. Nepalese Journal of Statistics, 1, 15-18.
- El-Sayed, N., Ashry Gad Mohamed, Leila Nofal, Ahmed Mahfouz, & Hamdy Abou Zeid. (2001). Malnutrition among Pre-school Children in Alexandria, Egypt, J Health Popul Nutr, 19 (4), 275-280.
- Garcia, M. & Alderman, H. (1989). Patterns and Determinants of Malnutrition in Children in Pakistan: Impact of Community Health. Pakistan Development Review, 28(4), 891-902.
- Habicht, J. P., Yarbrough, C., Martorell, R., Malina, R., & Klein, R. (1974). Height and weight standards for preschool children: how relevant are ethnic differences in growth potential? The Lancet, 303(7858), 611-615.
- Hien, N. N., & Hoa, N. N. (2009). Nutritional Status and Determinants of Malnutrition in Children Under Three Years of Age in Nghean, Vietnam. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(7), 958-964.
- Hien, N. N., & Kam, S. (2008). Nutritional status and the characteristics related to malnutrition in children under five years of age in Nghean, Vietnam. Journal of preventive medicine and public health, 41(4), 232-240.
- Jawaregowda, S. K., & Angadi, M. (2015). Gender differences in nutritional status among under-five children in rural areas of Bijapur district, Karnataka, India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2(4), 506-509.
- Kabubo-Mariara, J., Ndenge, G.K. & Kirii, D.M. (2006). Determinants of Children's Nutritional Status in Kenya: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys. Paper Presented at the Centre for the Study of African Economies Conference, University of Oxford, March 17-21, 2006.
- Khan, A. (2014). Health & Nutrition: Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, (11), 167-177.
- Khan, R. E. A., & Raza, M. A. (2014). Nutritional status of children in Bangladesh: Measuring composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and its determinants. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Science. 8(1), 11-23.
- Khan, R. E. A., Bari, K. M., & Raza, M. A. (2018). Socioeconomic determinants of child mortality: Evidence from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. Business Review, 13(2): 34-50
- Khan, S., Zaheer, S., & Safdar, N. F. (2019). Determinants of stunting, underweight and wasting among children
- Khatun, M., Stenlund, H., & Hörnell, A. (2004). BRAC initiative towards promoting gender and social equity in health: a longitudinal study of child growth in Matlab, Bangladesh. Public health nutrition, 7(8), 1071-1079.
- Makoka, B. (2013). The impact of maternal education on child nutrition: Evidence from Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. DHS Working Papers. Working paper No. 84.
- Marcoux, A. (2002). Sex Differentials in Undernutrition: A Look at Survey Evidence. Population and Development Review, 28(2), 275-284.
- Mbuya, M. N. N., Chidem, M., Chasekwa, B. & Mishra, V. (2010). Biological, Social, and Environmental Determinants of Low Birth Weight and Stunting among Infants and Young Children in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Working Papers. Calverton, Maryland, USA.
- Mehrotra, S. (2006). Child malnutrition and gender discrimination in South Asia. Economic and Political Weekly, 912-918.
- Menon, P., Headey, D., Avula, R., & Nguyen, P. H. (2018). Understanding the geographical burden of stunting in India: A regressionâ€Âdecomposition analysis of districtâ€Âlevel data from 2015-16. Maternal & child nutrition, 14(4), e12620.
- Mistry, S. K., Hossain, M. B., Khanam, F., Akter, F., Parvez, M., Yunus, F. M., & Rahman, M. (2019). Individual-, maternal-and household-level factors associated with stunting among children aged 0-23 months in Bangladesh. Public health nutrition, 22(1), 85-94.
- Moussa, W.A., El-Nahry, F. & Abd El Galil, A. (1995). National Survey for assessment of vitamin A status in Egypt. Final Report, Nutrition Institute/ UNICEF.
- Mukherjee, R., Chaturvedi, S. & Bhalwar, R. (2008). Determinants of Nutritional Status of School Children. Medical Journal of Armed Forces India, 64(3), 227-231.
- National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS) & Government of Pakistan. (2012-2013) Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey.
- Nie, P., Rammohan, A., Gwozdz, W., & Sousa-Poza, A. (2019). Changes in Child Nutrition in India: A Decomposition Approach. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(10), 1815.
- Pravana, N. K., Piryani, S., Chaurasiya, S. P., Kawan, R., Thapa, R. K., & Shrestha, S. (2017). Determinants of severe acute malnutrition among children under 5 years of age in Nepal: a community-based case-control study. BMJ Open, 7(8), e017084.
- Rabiee, F., & Geissler, C. (1992). The impact of maternal workload on child nutrition in rural Iran. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 14(1), 43-48.
- Rahman, A. & Chowdhury, S. (2007). Determinants of Chronic Malnutrition among Preschool Children in Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Sciences, 39, 161-173.
- Rutstein, S.O. (2005). Effects of preceding birth interval on neonatal infant and underfive Years of mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: Evidence from the Demographic and health survey. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 89, S7-S24.
- Shahid, M., Leghari, I. U., & Ahmed, F. (2020). Socio-Economic Correlates of Children's Nutritional Status: Evidence from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-233. Global Economics Review, 5(1), 221-13.
- Sossi, F. (2019). Prevalence and Determinants of Undernutrition in Women in Nepal. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health, 3(5), 184-203.
- Ukwuani, F. A., & Suchindran, C. M. (2003). Implications of Women's Work for Child Nutritional Status in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study of Nigeria. Social Science and Medicine, 56(10), 2109-2121.
- Usman, M. (2016, June 3) One-third of the population lives below the poverty line. The EXPRESS TRIBUNE. Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1115370/onethird-population-lives-poverty-line-national/
- Victora, G. C., Adair, L., Fall, C., Hallal, P. C., Martorell, R., Richter L., & Sachdev, S. H. (2008). Maternal and Child Under-nutrition: Consequences for Adult Health and Human Capital. The Lancet, 371, 340-357.
- Wamani, H., Åstrøm, A. N., Peterson, S., Tumwine, J. K., & Tylleskär, T. (2007). Boys are more stunted than girls in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis of 16 demographic and health surveys. BMC pediatrics, 7(1), 17.
- Wamani, H., Tylleskär, T., Åstrøm, A. N., Tumwine, J. K., & Peterson, S. (2004). Mothers'Education but not Fathers' Education, Household Assets or Land Ownership is the Best Predictor of Child Health Inequalities in Rural Uganda. International Journal for Equity in Health, 3(1), 9.
- WHO, the Multicenter Growth Reference Study Group: WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development? Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006. Available at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/
- Abbi, R., Christian, P., Gujral, S., & Gopaldas, T. (1991). The impact of maternal work status on the nutrition and health status of children. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 113(1), 20-25.
- Adhikari, R. P., Shrestha, M. L., Acharya, A., & Upadhaya, N. (2019). Determinants of stunting among children aged 0-59 months in Nepal: findings from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2006, 2011, and 2016. BMC Nutrition, 5(1), 1- 10.
- Ahmad, D., Afzal, M., & Imtiaz, A. (2020). Effect of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition among children in Pakistan. Future Business Journal, 6(1), 1-11.
- Arif, G.M., S. Nazir, M. N.Satti, & S. Farooq. (2012) Child malnutrition in Pakistan: Trends and Determinants. Pakistan institute of development and Economics. 1- 18.
- Babatunde, R.O., F. I. Olagunja, S. B. Fakayode, & Sola-Ojo. F.E. (2011). Prevalence and Determinants of Malnutrition among under-five children of farming household in Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 3(3): 173- 181.
- Castel, H., Shahar, D., & Harman-Boehm, I. (2006). Gender differences in factors associated with nutritional status of older medical patients. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 25(2), 128-134.
- Choudhury, K.K., Hanifi, M. A., Rasheed, S., and Bhuiya, A. (2000). Gender inequality and severe malnutrition among children in rural area of Bangladesh. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition, 18(3), 123-130
- Das, S. & Rahman, R. M. (2011). Application of Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis in Determining Risk Factors of Child Malnutrition in Bangladesh. Nutritional Journal, 10, 124
- Dhungana, G. P. (2017). Nutritional Status and the Associated Factors in Under Five Years Children of Lamjung, Gorkha and Tanahun Districts of Nepal. Nepalese Journal of Statistics, 1, 15-18.
- El-Sayed, N., Ashry Gad Mohamed, Leila Nofal, Ahmed Mahfouz, & Hamdy Abou Zeid. (2001). Malnutrition among Pre-school Children in Alexandria, Egypt, J Health Popul Nutr, 19 (4), 275-280.
- Garcia, M. & Alderman, H. (1989). Patterns and Determinants of Malnutrition in Children in Pakistan: Impact of Community Health. Pakistan Development Review, 28(4), 891-902.
- Habicht, J. P., Yarbrough, C., Martorell, R., Malina, R., & Klein, R. (1974). Height and weight standards for preschool children: how relevant are ethnic differences in growth potential? The Lancet, 303(7858), 611-615.
- Hien, N. N., & Hoa, N. N. (2009). Nutritional Status and Determinants of Malnutrition in Children Under Three Years of Age in Nghean, Vietnam. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(7), 958-964.
- Hien, N. N., & Kam, S. (2008). Nutritional status and the characteristics related to malnutrition in children under five years of age in Nghean, Vietnam. Journal of preventive medicine and public health, 41(4), 232-240.
- Jawaregowda, S. K., & Angadi, M. (2015). Gender differences in nutritional status among under-five children in rural areas of Bijapur district, Karnataka, India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2(4), 506-509.
- Kabubo-Mariara, J., Ndenge, G.K. & Kirii, D.M. (2006). Determinants of Children's Nutritional Status in Kenya: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys. Paper Presented at the Centre for the Study of African Economies Conference, University of Oxford, March 17-21, 2006.
- Khan, A. (2014). Health & Nutrition: Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, (11), 167-177.
- Khan, R. E. A., & Raza, M. A. (2014). Nutritional status of children in Bangladesh: Measuring composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and its determinants. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Science. 8(1), 11-23.
- Khan, R. E. A., Bari, K. M., & Raza, M. A. (2018). Socioeconomic determinants of child mortality: Evidence from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. Business Review, 13(2): 34-50
- Khan, S., Zaheer, S., & Safdar, N. F. (2019). Determinants of stunting, underweight and wasting among children
- Khatun, M., Stenlund, H., & Hörnell, A. (2004). BRAC initiative towards promoting gender and social equity in health: a longitudinal study of child growth in Matlab, Bangladesh. Public health nutrition, 7(8), 1071-1079.
- Makoka, B. (2013). The impact of maternal education on child nutrition: Evidence from Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. DHS Working Papers. Working paper No. 84.
- Marcoux, A. (2002). Sex Differentials in Undernutrition: A Look at Survey Evidence. Population and Development Review, 28(2), 275-284.
- Mbuya, M. N. N., Chidem, M., Chasekwa, B. & Mishra, V. (2010). Biological, Social, and Environmental Determinants of Low Birth Weight and Stunting among Infants and Young Children in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Working Papers. Calverton, Maryland, USA.
- Mehrotra, S. (2006). Child malnutrition and gender discrimination in South Asia. Economic and Political Weekly, 912-918.
- Menon, P., Headey, D., Avula, R., & Nguyen, P. H. (2018). Understanding the geographical burden of stunting in India: A regressionâ€Âdecomposition analysis of districtâ€Âlevel data from 2015-16. Maternal & child nutrition, 14(4), e12620.
- Mistry, S. K., Hossain, M. B., Khanam, F., Akter, F., Parvez, M., Yunus, F. M., & Rahman, M. (2019). Individual-, maternal-and household-level factors associated with stunting among children aged 0-23 months in Bangladesh. Public health nutrition, 22(1), 85-94.
- Moussa, W.A., El-Nahry, F. & Abd El Galil, A. (1995). National Survey for assessment of vitamin A status in Egypt. Final Report, Nutrition Institute/ UNICEF.
- Mukherjee, R., Chaturvedi, S. & Bhalwar, R. (2008). Determinants of Nutritional Status of School Children. Medical Journal of Armed Forces India, 64(3), 227-231.
- National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS) & Government of Pakistan. (2012-2013) Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey.
- Nie, P., Rammohan, A., Gwozdz, W., & Sousa-Poza, A. (2019). Changes in Child Nutrition in India: A Decomposition Approach. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(10), 1815.
- Pravana, N. K., Piryani, S., Chaurasiya, S. P., Kawan, R., Thapa, R. K., & Shrestha, S. (2017). Determinants of severe acute malnutrition among children under 5 years of age in Nepal: a community-based case-control study. BMJ Open, 7(8), e017084.
- Rabiee, F., & Geissler, C. (1992). The impact of maternal workload on child nutrition in rural Iran. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 14(1), 43-48.
- Rahman, A. & Chowdhury, S. (2007). Determinants of Chronic Malnutrition among Preschool Children in Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Sciences, 39, 161-173.
- Rutstein, S.O. (2005). Effects of preceding birth interval on neonatal infant and underfive Years of mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: Evidence from the Demographic and health survey. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 89, S7-S24.
- Shahid, M., Leghari, I. U., & Ahmed, F. (2020). Socio-Economic Correlates of Children's Nutritional Status: Evidence from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-233. Global Economics Review, 5(1), 221-13.
- Sossi, F. (2019). Prevalence and Determinants of Undernutrition in Women in Nepal. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health, 3(5), 184-203.
- Ukwuani, F. A., & Suchindran, C. M. (2003). Implications of Women's Work for Child Nutritional Status in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study of Nigeria. Social Science and Medicine, 56(10), 2109-2121.
- Usman, M. (2016, June 3) One-third of the population lives below the poverty line. The EXPRESS TRIBUNE. Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1115370/onethird-population-lives-poverty-line-national/
- Victora, G. C., Adair, L., Fall, C., Hallal, P. C., Martorell, R., Richter L., & Sachdev, S. H. (2008). Maternal and Child Under-nutrition: Consequences for Adult Health and Human Capital. The Lancet, 371, 340-357.
- Wamani, H., Åstrøm, A. N., Peterson, S., Tumwine, J. K., & Tylleskär, T. (2007). Boys are more stunted than girls in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis of 16 demographic and health surveys. BMC pediatrics, 7(1), 17.
- Wamani, H., Tylleskär, T., Åstrøm, A. N., Tumwine, J. K., & Peterson, S. (2004). Mothers'Education but not Fathers' Education, Household Assets or Land Ownership is the Best Predictor of Child Health Inequalities in Rural Uganda. International Journal for Equity in Health, 3(1), 9.
- WHO, the Multicenter Growth Reference Study Group: WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development? Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006. Available at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/
Cite this article
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APA : Shahid, M., Qureshi, M. G., & Ahmed, J. F. (2020). Socio-economic Causes of Malnutrition among Pre-School Children in Pakistan: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis. Global Economics Review, V(II), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-II).04
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CHICAGO : Shahid, Muhammad, Madeeha Gouhar Qureshi, and Jam Farooq Ahmed. 2020. "Socio-economic Causes of Malnutrition among Pre-School Children in Pakistan: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis." Global Economics Review, V (II): 47-59 doi: 10.31703/ger.2020(V-II).04
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HARVARD : SHAHID, M., QURESHI, M. G. & AHMED, J. F. 2020. Socio-economic Causes of Malnutrition among Pre-School Children in Pakistan: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis. Global Economics Review, V, 47-59.
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MHRA : Shahid, Muhammad, Madeeha Gouhar Qureshi, and Jam Farooq Ahmed. 2020. "Socio-economic Causes of Malnutrition among Pre-School Children in Pakistan: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis." Global Economics Review, V: 47-59
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MLA : Shahid, Muhammad, Madeeha Gouhar Qureshi, and Jam Farooq Ahmed. "Socio-economic Causes of Malnutrition among Pre-School Children in Pakistan: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis." Global Economics Review, V.II (2020): 47-59 Print.
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OXFORD : Shahid, Muhammad, Qureshi, Madeeha Gouhar, and Ahmed, Jam Farooq (2020), "Socio-economic Causes of Malnutrition among Pre-School Children in Pakistan: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis", Global Economics Review, V (II), 47-59
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TURABIAN : Shahid, Muhammad, Madeeha Gouhar Qureshi, and Jam Farooq Ahmed. "Socio-economic Causes of Malnutrition among Pre-School Children in Pakistan: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis." Global Economics Review V, no. II (2020): 47-59. https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-II).04