51 ger 10.31703/ger Global Economic Review ger 2521-2974 2707-0093 Humanity Publications Pakistan 392168 10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).08 2637 1.0 article Effects of Organizational Characteristics on QUAL Prevalence and its Implementation in Business Schools of Pakistan Mushtaq Mudassar Conceptualization Writing – original draft Ch Ayesha Writing – review & editing Parveen Sajida Writing – review & editing Department of Business Administration, National College Of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore PhD Scholar Punjab Pakistan Department of Sociology, Govt. College University, Faisalabad Assistant Professor Punjab Pakistan Department of Sociology, Govt. College Women University, Faisalabad Lecturer Punjab Pakistan Corresponding Author: Mudassar Mushtaq, PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration,National College Of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.. Contact: mudassar172@yahoo.co

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

This study did not require formal ethics approval.

Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

 31 03 2020 03 2020 16 02 2022 5 1 Winter 90 101 30 03 2020 16 02 2022

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

 2020 Humanity Publications This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Full Text PDF

An organizational characteristic plays a vital role in ensuring QUAL prevalence in any institution. The investigation is conducted to comprehend the association among the concepts. The secondary data was used for analysis, and data was gathered from different websites. There are thirty business schools in Punjab and the information of these institutions is gathered from their official websites. The gathered information was analyzed by using SPSS. Organizational characteristics include the types of organization (private or govt.), size of the organization (Large or small), and tuition fees and the dependent variable (response to implement QUAL measures). The conclusion is drawn based on results that response to the implementation of QUAL measure is strongly associated with the type of organization.

 Organizational Characteristics Type of Organization size of the Organization Tuition fees and QUAL Prevalence. views5261 downloads1 html-views0 google-scholar-citations0 crossref-citations0 Introduction

Qual and Qual Prevalence in Higher Education

The QUAL considers an inherent and expected component education based on academic professional responsibility (Harvey &Askling, 2003). Therefore, the literature presents that an increase can be observed in implementing QUAL measures in the educational system (Papadimitriou, 2011). The reason behind this increase is a rapid change in all other social institutions such as politics, economy, and socio-cultural patterns, especially in the last few decades. The major changes may be realized in the arena of learning as numbers of programs are being offered to fulfill the needs of the market. Limited resources are there to run the system so different accountability measures are a device to ensure the QUAL prevalence (Brennan & Shah, 2000; Harvey & Newton, 2004; Dill, 2007; Westerheijden et al., 2007).

In the last few decades QUAL prevalence in the educational system became a significant part of the structure of advanced learning together in established besides emerging republics while it was introduced by Western Europe and the USA between 1980 and 1990 (Schwarz &Westerheijden, 2004; Dill, 2010). Now a day, QUAL prevalence in education structure is spreading all over the world with diverse performers for example regional institutions, World Bank, OECD, and UNESCO (Singh, 2010).

QUAL Prevalence in Pakistan’s Higher Education System

The educational system in Pakistan is facing numerous problems and various attempts are being made to deal with these challenges. Since 1990, different policies are formed to compete with the global market. The initiatives taken by the government of Pakistan are given below:

? Institutions are privatized

? A decentralized educational system is introduced

? Different reforms are made for the development of higher education

? Policies are made to attract the number of students and to maintain that number

? The assurance of QUAL education has become the most prior responsibility of the state.

Numerous challenges are hindering the QUAL prevalence in higher education of Pakistan which in clue lack of research and development activities, non-availability of the highly developed facility, and poor infrastructure. The competitive environment makes Pakistan a hub of educational institutions but it reduced the admission standard, QUAL of curriculum, assessment method, and creative activities. The absence of strict regulatory measures is a reason behind the decline of control and QUAL prevalence. The graduates who receive degrees from these institutions lack professional skills and could not meet the requirements of the market (Usta, 2015). In such circumstances, academic research is needed to make policies for the implementation of QUAL prevalence (Ghafoor, et al., 2019).

Determination of the Study

The investigation was designed to find the driving forces for implementing QUAL prevalence measures in higher education. Tuition fees, type, and size of the organization were the key factors to measure the QUAL prevalence in HEIs. The emphasis is given to private universities and particularly to the business schools because of the higher number of pupils and they are the largest educational system of the country (CERD, 2016). The QUAL prevalence measures adopted by these institutions can help the researcher to find its relation with QUAL of education.

 Literature Review Background of the Study The adoption of QUAL prevalence measures depends on different characteristics of the organization as they manipulate and accept the implementing policies related to QUAL prevalence (Csizmadia, 2006), which helps us to understand the factors that force the educational institutions to change their structure to cope with the global changes. Further, the failure and success of QUAL prevalence policies are also included in the study. The proceeding review throws light on the characteristics that influence the QUAL prevalence in higher education. The consumption of profit by any organization is highly attached to its type. The donated money in nonprofit organizations is spent on achieving its goal and to run it smoothly. The mostly spent money on the welfare of students in the form of aid and other services. But those organizations which are privately owned consume their profit for further extension of college or shared by the stakeholders. Private institutions solely depend on tuition fees whereas public institutions have different sources such as donations and gifts. The response to QUAL prevalence is a costly matter for a private organization. The decision to spend funds on implementing QUAL prevalence also depends on the willingness of the owner (Woolston, 2012). Rogers (2003) claimed that innovation in advanced learning is inclined through the size of institutions. The extent of the institutions refers to the number of workers and the structure and processes of organizations are highly influenced by the size (Damanpour, 1991). In the current study, the number of students is considered by way of the size of the organization equally held through Papadimitriou (2011) and Csizmadia (2006). Hitt et al. (1990) said that huge in size business schools can start a new project as they have enough sources and in case of failure they can again join innovative activities. Whereas, some other researchers stated that large institutions are not flexible and too bureaucratic; this hinders the large organizations to accept and implement QUAL prevalence measures. The utilization is the priority of large organizations while they are not quick in the adoption of changes thus the innovative activities are slow in these institutions (Dougherty, 1996). It is argued that the stability of the institutions is a hurdle in the way of change (Winter, 1994). While, small organizations are more responsive to change as they are more capable of adopting new policies (Aldrich & Auster 1986; Damanpour,1996).Private institutions are bound to facilitate the students as they receive high fees that are the only source of their earning (Tempus-Pakistan, 2012). The private institutions develop their structure that is student-oriented (Machin & Wilson, 2005). At the same time, it is considered that high fees are an assurance of QUAL education (Mora, 2005). Moreover, students expect QUAL education from private universities as compared with public institutions (Garcia et al., 2005).The investment in higher education strongly affects the QUAL of education; as the benefits are measure by the cost of education and on the choice of the institution (Paulsen, 2001). Similarly, the number of admissions in the organization is related to its fee structure. Henard and Roseveare (2012) claimed that high tuition fees are a prediction of the implementation of QUAL prevalence. Cooper et al. (2014) argued that when there are several universities with high fees then the focus should be put on QUAL of education. Methodology Methods

Secondary data was collected and content analysis was done for its interpretation. There is a total of thirty business schools in Punjab and the information of all these institutions is included in the research. For secondary data collection, the websites of the organizations were consulted. If any difficulty was faced by the researcher in case of missing data, the concerned institutions were directly approached. It is assumed that the information gathered through these websites is reliable and valid. Then, with the help of (SPSS) the gathered information is examined. This methodology was carried out to achieve the objectives of the research.

The Objective of the Research

Keeping in view the responsibility of the educational institutions in implementing

QUAL prevalence, the following objective was advanced to conduct the investigation:

? To find out the features of the organizations that influence the response of private and public business schools towards QUAL prevalence.

The Hypothesis of the Study

Based on the research objective, the given hypotheses were established to measure the association among the factor’s learner.

? There is an association among private institutions and response to QUAL prevalence.

? There is a relationship between small institutions and response to QUAL prevalence.

? There is a relationship between large business institutions and response to QUAL prevalence.

? There is a relationship between business institutions with higher fees and response to the QUAL prevalence.

Results and Discussion

Results

The result of organizational features over response to QUAL prevalence is measured by the researcher in this study. The hypotheses are formed to address the goal of the investigation that is in the direction of discovering the characteristics of the organizations which influence the QUAL prevalence in business schools. Further, different statistical techniques for univariate and bivariate were used. Descriptive statistics for univariate and for measuring association Fisher’s exact test were carried out.

Descriptive Analysis

In this section, the information of the total thirty business schools of Punjab is discussed in detail. The researcher approached the websites of these institutions. The researcher consulted the institutions for clarifying the information and when he felt difficulty in finding some data.

In Business school’s QUAL prevalence can be implemented by internal or external forces but in current research, the internal characteristics are considered to study its influence on quality prevalence. Further, the absence of any QUAL prevalence measure is explained as low QUAL prevalence (Pinkovetskaia, et. al.,2019). Key terms were developed while analyzing the websites of business schools which include accreditation, QUAL, and QUAL prevalence. The given table describes the QUAL prevalence with several business schools.

 Table 1. The State of QUAL Prevalence with Quantity of Professional Colleges Table 1

Category of Response

No. of Schools

Low-qual prevalence

16

High-qual prevalence

14

Total

30

The table shows that out of 30, 16 business schools have low QUAL prevalence while the state of QUAL prevalence is good in the remaining 14 business schools. The results predict that business schools are not fulfilling the requirement of the country or the rate of adopting QUAL prevalence activities is very slow.

To explain the characteristics of the organization, central tendency measures were used to describe the data. Different types of measures, such as mode and median were applied to the nominal, interval, and ordinal data respectively to avoid the influence of extreme value.

 Table 2. Results of Descriptive Statistics Table 2

Low QUAL

High QUAL

Median

Mode

Median

Mode

1

Type of business school (0=Pvt., 1= Govt.)

1

0

2

Age (years)

17

17

3

Size (No. of faculty members)

15

22

4

Tuition Fees per credit)

77500

92500

5

No. of Programs

4

7

6

No. of Branches

1

1

7

Level of conferred degrees (1 = Graduation, 2 = Masters, 3 = M.Phil, 4 = Ph.D.)

3

3.50

The above-mentioned information throws light on the fact that those business schools that are old, large in size, receiving high tuition fees, and offering limited programs within limited branches are more effective in applying QUAL prevalence measures as compare with institutions. It can be concluded that these characteristics are prerequisites for adopting QUAL prevalence measures.

 Table 3. Type of Business Table 3

Low QUAL

High QUAL

Private

7

10

Govt.

9

4

Total

16

14

Table 3 depicts the type of business school and level of QUAL prevalence. It is observed that private institutions are providing high QUAL prevalence whereas govt. institutions are offering poor QUAL prevalence measures; the satisfactory point is that private business schools are greater in number as compared with govt. business schools. At the same time, govt. organizations have to rethink about their mechanism for making it suitable for QUAL prevalence activities.

 Table 4. Level of Offered Degrees Table 4

Low QUAL

High QUAL

Bachelor degree only

1

0

Master degree

4

1

M.Phil.

11

3

Ph.D.

0

10

Total

16

14

Table 4 elaborates that a Ph.D. degree is offered by the institutions that have high QUAL prevalence measures which are a good sign. On the other hand, it is alarming that 11 out of 16 with low QUAL prevalence institutions are offering M. Phil degree. Serious action should be taken to ensure that the institutions, who are offering higher levels of degrees, must adopt the QUAL prevalence measures otherwise they should not be allowed to continue such programs.

 Codification and Operationalization of the Data

The data was operationalized and codified with the help of different indicators. The presence of QUAL prevalence activities refers to a higher level of QUAL prevalence while the absence of QUAL prevalence activities is associated with a lower level of QUAL prevalence in business schools. Hence, the followed codification is given below:

The absence of QUAL prevalence activities causes low QUAL prevalence and less responsiveness.

Those institutions that are implementing any type of QUAL prevalence activity are more responsive.

It is expected that the independent variable should influence the responsiveness as it is formulated with the help of a review of the literature. The variables are coded and operationalized in the preceding portion.

The type of Business School

There are two types of business schools in Pakistan, first, those are run by the state are called government institutions and the second ones are privately owned business schools that are run by multiple partners. Government schools are funded by different sources while the main earning source in private business schools happens to be the tuition fees. Thus, the implementation of QUAL prevalence measures is an expensive activity so the decision to use profit depends on the owners of private business schools (Samburskiy & Grodzenskiy, 2019).

The 0 was used as code for Government and 1 is given to the Private institutions.

Size of the Business School

The number of faculty members was used to describe the size of the business school for the year of 2017-20118. In 2018, 5 was the minimum no of the faculty members whereas 80 was the highest number in business school. By keeping in view the size of the organization zero is given to small business schools (less than 20 faculty members) while 1 is given to large institutions (more than 20 faculty members).

The Level of Tuition fee for a Semester

Ninety thousand were the minimum tuition fees for one credit hour in a business school in 2019 so 0 code is used for less than Rs. 80000 fees per semester and 1 as code is given to those institutions who are receiving more than Rs. 80000 fees per semester.

 Fisher’s Exact Test Results

The link between independent variables and dependent was analyzed with the help of Fisher’s exact test. This test is used to measure the association between understudy concepts (DeCoster, 2004). It is preferred to use for analyzing the relationship between variables in case of small sample size. The minor sample SIZ is definite in various books differently, somewhere it is fewer than 20 whereas in other texts it is less than 40 and the minimum no in some researches expected fewer than five cases (Bland, 2000; Kirkwood & Sterne, 2003). The difference between 2 factors, when they are related, maybe determined with the help of this test. If the relationship among two factors is the outcome of sample error, the assessment is used to find out that either the association is the result of any error or it is a real association (DeCoster, 2004). The relationship between responsiveness to QUAL prevalence (dependent variable) and organizational characteristics (independent variables) was measured with the help of Fisher’s exact examination.

The formulated (H0) is either accepted or rejected while testing it. If the Ho is excluded that means the (H1) will be acknowledged. If the calculated value is 5% (level of significance) the null hypothesis will not be rejected and it predicts that the variables are independents.

Null Hypothesis(H0): No relationship exists between organizational characteristics and response to the QUAL prevalence

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Relationship exists between organizational characteristics and response to QUAL prevalence.

The level and way of the relationship between the constructs are tested by using the and Kruskal's gamma and the non-parametric Goodman (? or G) in case of significant values.

Type of Business

It is observed by reviewing the literature that government institutions used the donated and earned money to run the system smoothly and to achieve their objectives. Thus, it is expected that government institutions should be more responsive to QUAL prevalence than private business schools. The data of 30 business schools were analyzed to test the hypothesis and the following results were extracted.

The results depict that private institutions (58.8%) are more responsive than government organizations (30.8%).

 Table 7. Type of Organization and QUAL Prevalence Table 5

QUAL Prevalence

Total

Low

High

Sector

Private

Sum

7

10

17

%age within Sector

41.2%

58.8%

100.0%

Government

Sum

9

4

13

%age in Sector

69.2%

30.8%

100.0%

Aggregate

Sum

16

14

30

%age in Sector

53.3%

46.7%

100.0%

 Table 8. Fisher’s Exact Assessment Outcome- Type of Institution besides QUAL Prevalence Table 6

Cost

Df

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Precise Sig. (2-sided)

Precise Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

2.330a

1

.127

Steadiness Correction

1.339

1

.247

Probability Proportion

2.372

1

.124

Fisher's Exact Assessment

.159

.123

Linear-by-Linear Relationship

2.252

1

.133

N of Effective Cases

30

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have a predictable sum of fewer than 5. The smallest predictable sum is 6.07.

b. Calculated merely aimed at a 2x2 table

The p-value (p=0.249) considered by the help of Fisher’s exact assessment shows that the null hypothesis is acknowledged. In other words, there is no association among types of institutions as well as answers to QUAL prevalence.

 The Size of Business School

Literature helps us to understand that large organizations readily accept innovation and have the ability to bear the expenditures of new projects as they have enough resources (Hitt et al., 1990; Rogers, 2003). At the same time, minor in size administrations are additional advanced and flexible in implementing changes. The given table illustrates that small (in terms of faculty members) organizations are less responsive towards QUAL prevalence implementation as compare with large business schools.

 Table 9. Cross-tab of Professional College SIZ besides QUAL Prevalence Table 7

Crosstab

QUAL insurance

Total

Low

High

Size (number of faculty members)

Small

Count

12

4

16

% within Size (No of faculty members)

75.0%

25.0%

100.0%

Large

Count

4

10

14

% within Size (No of faculty members)

28.6%

71.4%

100.0%

Total

Count

16

14

30

% within Size (No of faculty members)

53.3%

46.7%

100.0%

 Table 10. Fisher’s Exact Exam Outcome College size besides QUAL Prevalence Table 8

Chi-Square Examinations

Value

Df

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

6.467a

1

.011

Steadiness Correctionb

4.736

1

.030

Likelihood Proportion

6.709

1

.010

Fisher's Exact Examination

.026

.014

Linear-by-Linear Relationship

6.251

1

.012

N of Valid Cases

30

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have a predictable total of fewer than 5. The smallest predictable total is 6.53.

b. Calculated merely aimed at a 2x2 table

The p-value is fewer than 0.01 which means the null hypothesis is not accepted or it is determined that there is a tough association among the SIZ of the professional college besides its response toward QUAL prevalence. The similarity is confirmed through the outcomes of Kruskal's gamma and Goodman examination (G = .928, p =.0005). Thus, the organizations that have more faculty members are more responsive in implementing QUAL prevalence measures.

 Table 11. Goodman and Kruskal Test Table 9

Symmetric Methods

Cost

Asymp. S.Ea

Approx. Tb

Approx. Sig.

Exact Significance

Ordinal through Ordinal

Gamma

.765

.172

2.856

.001

.001

N of Effective Cases

30

a. Not supposing the Ho.

b. Consuming the asymptotic S.E supposing the Ho.

The Tuition fee level for one Credit

The higher tuition fees are considered as an indicator of responsiveness to QUAL prevalence. The given table describes the results in detail.

 Table 12. Cross-tab of the Education fee level besides QUAL Prevalence Table 10

Crosstab

QUAL prevalence

Total

Low

High

Tuition Fee

(per semester)

Blow or equal the median of 80000

Count

10

4

14

% within Tuition Fee (per semester)

71.4%

28.6%

100.0%

Above 80000

Count

6

10

16

% within Tuition Fee (per semester)

37.5%

62.5%

100.0%

Total

Count

16

14

30

% within Tuition Fee (per semester)

53.3%

46.7%

100.0%

 Table 13. Fisher’s Exact Trial Outcome Tuition fee level besides QA Table 11

Chi-Square Examinations

Cost

Df

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

3.453a

1

.063

Continuity Correctionb

2.225

1

.136

Likelihood Ratio

3.534

1

.060

Fisher's Exact Test

.081

.067

Linear-by-Linear Association

3.338

1

.068

N of Valid Cases

30

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have a predictable total of fewer than 5. The least predictable total is 6.53.

b. Calculated merely aimed at a 2x2 table

The null hypothesis is excluded by way of the p-value (p=.282) shows no association among the factors. The tuition fees besides the approachability to QUAL prevalence are not associated with each other

 Conclusion

The results show that organizational characteristics are linked with the response to QUAL prevalence. The literature review helped the researcher to extract the variables to define the characteristics of a business school. It is indicated by the results of descriptive statistics that organizations that receive high tuition fees and large in size have association with responsiveness to QUAL prevalence the same is predicted by Hitt et al. 1990. There is a constructive association among the size of the organization and dependent variables while no association exists in tuition fees received by the business school and response to QUAL prevalence measures.

 Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

 Ethics Statement

This study did not require formal ethics approval.

 Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

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