The main role of the banking system in economy is to develop and facilitate businesses. Therefore, the banking sectors become the most important part of the business development because they are playing a vital role of the agent. The bank will be success when they are playing standard role and also increasing the performance of the banks and the company value. When company share price is high that shows high value of the company and has a strong investor attraction.

Perry (1993) states that the value of the firm is significantly driven by firm performance. The high performance, high and stable share price of banks can be achieved through the implementation of the corporate governance in true meaning. The other variables affecting the bank’s performance and the firm’s value are concentrated ownership and bank size.

The SECP codes (2002) include reforming board of directors for the purpose to make disclosure and should be accountable to shareholders. In fact, a bank is performing the main role of financing in the economy; therefore, banks are more compatible in adopting corporate governance practices for a good transparency, disclosure and accountability (Cornwall, 2007).

Shareholding by management (insider) gives a helpful and major effect on the return on equity (ROE) (Murali, 1989). According to Husnan (2001), concentrated ownership has positive effect on ROE and according to Sugiharto (2007), concentrated ownership has no significant influence on performance (ROE) of banks.

Based on the above discussion, a research needs to be conducted to find out the effect of corporate governance, concentrated ownership and bank size on firm’s value and bank’s performance in the unique context of Pakistani commercial banks.

Adams and Mehran (2003) argue that the corporate governance as an instrument through which the shareholder can manage the management of the firm and to protect their interest. The corporate governance is a technique through which we can monitor the management of the organization. Corporate governance may also be defined as the set of procedures and laws used to regulate and control business operations. Corporate governance helps in increasing the efficiency and growth of organizations by countering board intervention and corporate power at the management level (Asma, 2010).

Brown and Caylor (2004)have explained in their study that those firms are profitable which are implementing corporate governance rules and regulations. Many US firms have high return on their assets, high firm’s value and high return on shares because of implementation of the corporate governance in true spirit. Corporate governance provides protection to shareholders and employees. OECD (1999)has extended the concept of corporate governance helping firms to achieve control.

According to Shleifer and Vishny (1997), value of firm is elevated by effective implementation of corporate governance, leading to proper monitoring, full disclosure of company information and a good transparency. This is very helpful in increasing investor’s trust on organization, decrease expropriation of minority shareholders rights, decrease risk of the firms, bettering operation activities of firm and reducing cost of auditing.

Following the empirical findings of various researchers, the following hypothesis is proposed:

H1: There is positive effect of corporate governance on firm’s value and bank’s performance.

Claessens et al (2002) state that ownership concentration is the key element affecting firm’s performance. Li and Simerly (1998) state that ownership concentration positively effects firm performance and which makes possible for the firm to get high firm’s value and performance.

Gompers, Ishii and Metrick (2003) find that the firms with less ownership concentration have less market value with low profits. They also discuss that firm which has a high protection of the minority shareholders rights have high return and high firm’s value. So all investor want to invest their capital in safe environment where they get high return.

Stan?i? et al. (2012) find in their study that with increasing ownership concentration, the profitability of banks is mitigating in Serbia. Moreover, ownership concentration negatively influences the bank’s performance (Asma, 2010). Shleifer and Vishny (1986) explain that ownership concentration is more profitable for a firm when the owner provide compensation to manager for his best performance.

According to Franks, Mayer and Renneboog (2001), ownership concentration resolves the conflict within organization because monitoring of managers by shareholders have large benefits which change the performance of the firm. Hanafi, Muazaroh, Sudarmono and Tarazi (2015) establish that bank’s performance is adversely affected by ownership concentration.

Most of researchers show that the effects of ownership concentration have mixed results, but for this study, the following hypothesis is proposed:

H2: There is positive effect of ownership concentration on firm’s value and bank’s performance.

Bank Size

According to Williams (2003), the effect of the bank size on firm’s performance is studied extensively in the financial literature. Kagecha (2014) shows that bank size does not matter in determining bank’s profitability.

Redmond, Giradeau and Bonhansac (2007) and (2010) reported that bank size negatively affects the bank’s performance. Murthy (2008) explains in his study that bank size strongly affects the bank’s performance. He found that the large banks have high bank performance as compare to small banks in gulf countries.

Spathes (2002) examines that large banks have high profitability ratio as compare to small banks. Halkos and Salmouris (2004) state that banks carrying more assets have higher bank performance in Greece.

Following the empirical findings of various researchers, the following hypothesis is proposed:

H3: There is positive effect of bank size on firm’s value and bank’s performance.

Firm’s Value and Bank’s Performance

According to Gunawan, Effendie and Budi (2014), the high profitability shows high performance of the firm. Performance means that the firm gets all their goals in specified time and on low cost. High profitability comes from good environment, which helps in both managing and attracting customers. Wahla, Shah and Hussain (2012) show that management incentive is more important to hold for the high performance in future. Sheu and Yang (2005) explain that measuring performance refers to the efficient use of the firm resources to achieve the organization objective and goals. Gompers, Paul, Ishii, Metric and Joy (2003) state that if the corporation is giving protection and rights to their shareholder, it will directly increase the firm’s value, profits and sales as well. According to Mitten (2002), ownership concentration has positive link with firm’s value. Berle and Means (1932) identify in their study that concentrated ownership positively effects impact firm’s value and share price. Adams and Santos (2005) confirm that corporate governance positively effects firm’s performance over accounting and marketing base dimension.

The descriptions of the regressand and regressors are given bellow:

In Pakistan there are different types of banks, such as government owned banks, public banks and private banks. As per the insight of the state bank of Pakistan, 27 commercial banks operated in Pakistan during 2006 till 2016. The population in this study is all commercial operating banks of Pakistan but only those banks is selected that started its operations before 2006 and has not merged or stopped operation till 2016.

Sample

The sample comprises of all commercial banks and data is collected covering a time span of 2006 to 2016. The data is collected from bank’s annual reports, government publications, World Bank database and IMF database.

Empirical Models

The following model is used in this study:

MODEL 1.

TBQ it=?+?1IDit+?2ACit+?3OCit+?4TAit+?5TCit+ ?

MODEL 2.

ROE it=?+?1IDit+?2ACit+?3OCit+?4TAit+?5TCit+ ?

Where:

TBQ=Tobin’s Q

ROE=Return on Equity

ID=Independent director

AC=Audit committee

OC=Ownership concentration

TA=Total advances

TC=Total capital

Table No. 2 shows the descriptive statistics which consist of both dependent and independent variables. The total numbers of observations are 187. The minimum value of Tobin’s q ratio is 1.01 and maximum value is 88.94, its mean is 11.80 and its standard deviation is high 11.056. The minimum value of total capital is 0 and maximum value is 18.94, its mean is 16.54 and standard deviation is low i.e., 2.38. The total advances minimum value is 14.404 and maximum value is 20.52, its mean is 18.61 and standard deviation is low 1.176. The independent directors’ minimum value is 37.5 and maximum value is 92.31. This value is present in percentages, its mean is 82.22 and standard deviation is high 10.25. The audit committee minimum value is 3 and maximum value is 6, its mean is 3.73 and standard deviation is low 0.77. The ownership concentration minimum value is 19.99 and maximum is 84.51, its mean is 55.58 and standard deviation is 14.74. According to Gujarati (2003), the data will be normal if it has the skewness value below 2 and kurtosis value above 5, which in our case is fulfilled confirming that the data is normally distributed.

The above table shows all dependent and independent variables and their relationship with each other. It is very simple to know that from above table that all independent variable have less value than 0.80 recommended by Gujarati (2003). Now we have no problem of Multicollinearity in our consequence.

The fixed effects and random effects panel least square technique is employed in the study to perform regressions as according to (Fox, 1997), this is the most valid technique for assessing panel data sets.

R-square= 0.3102

The above table shows relationship of independent variables with dependent variable. The R-square value is 31.02%. Total capital coefficient value is positive but insignificant. The total advances coefficient value is positive and insignificant. As total capital and total advances are proxy variable of bank size which shows that bank size has positive and insignificant influence on firm’s value. Independent director’s coefficient value is insignificant and positive relationship with Tobin’s q. Audit committee coefficient value is insignificant positive relationship with Tobin’s q, Independent directors and audit committee are indicators of corporate governance which shows positive and insignificant relationship with company value. Ownership concentration coefficient value show significant positive relationship with company value (Tobin’s q).

R-square = 0.2115

The table shows the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The R-square value is 21.15 %. That total capital coefficient value is positive and insignificant. The total advances coefficient value is positive and also has an insignificant value. The total capital and total advances are proxy variable of bank size which shows that bank size has positive and insignificant influence on firm’s value. Independent director’s coefficient value is insignificant and positive. Audit committee coefficient value is insignificant and positive. Independent directors and audit committee are indicators of corporate governance, which shows positive and insignificant relationship with firm’s value. Ownership concentration coefficient value is also show significant and positive, showing a positive relationship with firm’s value (Tobin’s q).

chi2 (5) =1.39

Prob>chi2 = 0.9841

The Hausman Test is employed to decide whether fixed effect least square model is an appropriate or Random Effect Least square model is the right choice. As per the p-value of 0.9841, the random effects least square model is the appropriate model to perform regressions.

The above table shows that the problem of multicollinearity does not prevail, as VIF’s value (All variables) is less than 10.

The above table shows descriptive statistics of both dependent and independent variables with 187 observations for all variables. The minimum value of ROE is -37.00 and maximum value is 35.55, its mean is 11.80 and its standard deviation is high with a value of 11.056. The total capital minimum value is 0 and maximum value is 18.94, its mean is 16.54 and standard deviation is low 2.38. The minimum value of total advances is 14.404 and its maximum value is 20.52, its mean is 18.61 with standard deviation of 1.176. The minimum value of independent director is 37.5 and its maximum value is 92.31, represented in percentages with a mean of 82.22 and standard deviation of 10.25. The minimum value of audit committee is 3 and maximum value is 6, with a mean of 3.73 and a low standard deviation of 0.77. The minimum value of ownership concentration is 19.99 and maximum value is 84.51 with a mean of 55.58 and standard deviation of 14.74. According to Gujarati (2003), the data will be normal if it has the skewness value less than 2 and kurtosis value less than 5 which shows that the data is normally distributed. In our data, the skewness value is less than 2 and kurtosis value is less than 5, which shows data are normal.

Table 9 shows the correlation matrix of ROE with variables. The correlation coefficient value of total advances is 0.523, which shows there is a positive relationship between total advances and ROE. Total capital value is 0.4901, which shows that if there is 1 percent change in ROE, total capital will increase by 49.01 percent. Independent director’s value is 0.4798, which shows a positive relationship. Audit committee has value of 0.1366, which shows a positive relationship as well. Ownership concentration has a value of0.3573. There is no presence of multicollinearity in data description.

R-square = 0.3662

The above table shows relationship of dependent variable with independent variables. The R-square value is 36.62%. Total capital coefficient value is positive and significant. The total advances coefficient value is positive and also has a significant value. As the total capital and total advances are proxy variables for bank size, which shows a positive and significant impact on bank’s performance. Independent director’s coefficient value is positive and significant. Audit committee coefficient value is also significant and positive. As the independent directors and audit committee are proxy variables for corporate governance, which shows a positive and significant relationship with bank’s performance.

R-square = 0.3653

The table shows the independent variables influence on dependent variable. The R-square value is 36.53%. Total capital coefficient value is positive and statistically significant. The total advances coefficient value is positive significant. Therefore, Total capital and total advances are proxy variables fir bank size, which shows that bank size have positive and significant effect on bank’s performance. Independent director’s coefficient value is significant and positive. Audit committee coefficient value is significant and positive. Both are proxy variables for corporate governance, which recognize that corporate governance has a significant and positive effect on bank’s performance. Ownership concentration coefficient value is insignificant but shows a positive relationship with bank’s performance (ROE).

chi2 (5) =1.47

Prob>chi2 = 0.9256

The Hausman Test is employed to decide whether fixed effect least square model is an appropriate or Random Effect Least square model is the right choice. As per the p-value of 0.9256, the random effects least square model is the appropriate model to perform regressions.

The above table shows that the problem of multicollinearity does not prevail, as VIF’s value (All variables) is less than 10.

Our results show that corporate governance has a positive and significant impact on firm’s value and bank’s performance. Regression analysis also indicates that the ownership concentration positively affects the firm’s value. Empirical results also indicate that ownership concentration of banks hasan insignificant but positive influence on its financial performance. The bank size has a positive relationship with bank’s performance and firm’s value in Pakistan.

Suggestions for Further Research

The study focuses only on the banking industry of Pakistan. So further new sectors may be explored keeping in view the same set of variables. Furthermore, corporate disclosure practices, board characteristics, CEO compensation and executive education should be made part of future studies.