2026-08-01T05:09:52Z https://gerjournal.com/oai/?metadataPrefix=oai_dc&verb=ListRecords

oai:gerjournal.com:392072 2016-12-30 ger

Determinants of Agricultural Productivity: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan's Economy Mehmood Kakar Adiqa Kiani Asia Baig Agriculture Productivity ARDL This article examines the determinants of the total productivity of the agriculture sector which enhances the total agricultural productivity in Pakistan and analyzes the relations among variables used for the analysis from 1990 - 2017. The application of the auto regressive distributed lag technique ARDL was used to approximate various determinants. The area under cultivation, fertilizer consumption, agriculture credit, and rainfall show a positive effect on agriculture productivity, whereas agriculture employment and pesticide consumption show a positive but statistically insignificant effect on agricultural productivity in the long run. While in the short-run all determinants have a positive and significant effect on total agriculture productivity convergence towards equilibrium is shown by error correction term is 0.829. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of economics, Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate professor, Department of economics, Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Demonstrator,Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/determinants-of-agricultural-productivity-empirical-evidence-from-pakistans-economy- https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2016(I-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392073 2016-12-30 ger

Does Herding Exist? Evidence from Pakistan's Stock Exchange Samreen Fahim Babar Syeda Faizaq Urooj Khalid Usman Herding Behavior Stock Exchange Investment Decision Efficient Market Asset Pricing. Herding transpires when an investor imitates the decision of other stockholders or shadow market consensus (Rizzi, 2008). The Chartered Financial Analyst Institute affirms “Herding Behavior Bias” as the principal presumption influencing the investor’s decision. (Kunte, S.2015). Herding behavior contradicts the validity of an Efficient Market Hypothesis (Famma and Franch, 1970). The investigation of herd behavior in the Pakistan stock market is indispensable as the inconsistent behavior of stockholders stems from the inefficient assets pricing and resource misallocation. The study’s result affirms the existence of herd behavior in the stock exchange of Pakistan and contradicts rational assets pricing model and stock price efficiency theory. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of Management Sciences,Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Commerce,Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Management Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/does-herding-exist-evidence-from-pakistans-stock-exchange- https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2016(I-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392074 2016-12-30 ger

The Analysis of Income Inequality and Economic Growth Relationship: Evidence from Pakistan's Data Saleem Khan Salman Azad Khan Muhammad Tariq Economic Growth Income Inequality ADF Test Regression Analysis This research gives a brief overview of Pakistan’s economic growth and income inequality, and empirically assesses the relationship between these two variables of the country over the period of 1990 – 2015. In the empirical part, our study employs the augmented ADF test and simple regression analysis. ADF test results depict that both variables of the model are stationary at the level and exhibit no unit root at the level. Further, in regression results, the coefficient estimates are significant and reveal an inverted U linkage between economic growth of the country and distribution of income. The income level of the country alone explains a significant part of the income inequality. Instead, the lagged dependent variable coefficient is significant and partly explains variation in inequality. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. MS Scholar,Department of Economics,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-analysis-of-income-inequality-and-economic-growth-relationship-evidence-from-pakistans-data- https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2016(I-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392075 2016-12-30 ger

Local Market Economics: Brand Analysis in the Market Syed Raza Abbas Muhammad Zia-ur Rehman Salma Khan Economic Growth Life Expectancy Infant Mortality The purpose of the study was to provide an overview of the present situation of the Colgate toothpaste brand in comparison with other brands on the market such as Forhans, Macleans, and others. The trust for the brand in the market provides an opportunity to examine different theoretical and practical propositions. In this research Customers segmental differences in the use of intrinsic and extrinsic product cues (physical quality, design, brand name, and price) on consumers evaluations and purchase intentions for an apparel product in Karachi market are investigated. Our findings revealed that design, brand, taste, flavor, performance, promotion were product attributes that impact product evaluations and marketing position. However, design, brand name, and performance were the main factors in attracting the customers. Humanity Publications Independent Research Fellow, Islamabad. Assistant Professor,National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Office Assistant, Bacha Khan University, Charssada, KP, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Local-Market-Economics-Brand-Analysis-in-the-Market https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2016(I-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392076 2016-12-30 ger

Climate Change and Food Security in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis Nasir Munir Adiqa Kiani Asia Baig Temperature Agriculture Credit Food Production Index Fertilizer Consumption Climate change has a severe impact on the accessibility of various resources on earth. The present study determines the impact of climate change on food availability for 27 years from 1990-2016. An ARDL model is used in order to find out the long-run and short-run relationships. The result shows that average temperature shows a negative relationship with food security, as the temperature is increasing the food security is decreasing Food security has a positive relation with agriculture credit since as the agriculture credit increases it will increase the production of agriculture sector which in result increase the supply of food and increase the food security in the country. Fertilizer consumption also has a positive effect on food availability, which is obvious as more and more food is provided with the increased use of fertilizer. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Economics,Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate professor,Department of Economics,Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Climate-Change-and-Food-Security-in-Pakistan-A-Time-Series-Analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2016(I-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392077 2016-12-30 ger

US' Strategic Reorientation and Chinese Counter-Narrative: The Economic Reality of Asia-Pacific Hikmat Shah Afridi Manzoor Khan Afridi Muhammad Bilal Asia-Pacific Pakistan US India CPEC Southeast Asia The Concept of Asia-Pacific empowers the US to involve in all matters broadly related to Asia-Pacific. In a simple form, the Asia-Pacific region is encompassing West Coast of North America, Australia and major parts of Asia, having the potential to come up as a geopolitical driving force. Asia-Pacific, comprising 22 percent of world land, is one of the most significant regions that possess three well-known Economic Powers, i.e. the US, Japan, and China. Similarly, the region is to be found strategically at an intersection of Middle East, North America, East Asia, and Europe with worlds six largest ports and five highly important Sea Lanes of Communication for international trading. Having so much importance, Goldman Sachs confirms that hub of the global economic activities will be transferred to Asia-Pacific decisively by 2050. The study will analyze the very importance of Asia-Pacific, the US strategic reorientation and the Chinese counternarrative for the region. Humanity Publications International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Registrar, Women University, Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/us-strategic-reorientation-and-chinese-counternarrative-the-economic-reality-of-asiapacific- https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2016(I-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392078 2016-12-30 ger

Organizational Reputation as Economic Strength: Role of Justice Perception and Empowerment Zafar Iqbal Muhammad Zia-ur Rehman Noor Hassan Non-Governmental Organization Justice Perception Employee Empowerment Employee Perception Frontier Regions Temporary Displaced People National Disaster Management Authority This study focuses on the examination of the impact of Justice Perception and Employee Empowerment on the Organizational Reputation in the projectized organizations (NGOs) in Pakistan. The role of Employee Perception on the relationships between Justice Perception and Organizational Reputation and Employee Empowerment and Organizational Reputation has also been studied. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) working in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Frontier Regions (FR) of Pakistan were targeted, including the executives and managers of thirty Nongovernmental Organizations. The result revealed that justice perception has a positive and significant relationship with organizational reputation, and also employee empowerment has a positive and significant relationship with organizational reputation. It has also been confirmed that employee perception positively moderates the relationships between justice perception and organizational reputation and employee empowerment and organizational reputation. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer,Department of Management Sciences,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Organizational-Reputation-as-Economic-Strength-Role-of-Justice-Perception-and-Empowerment https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2016(I-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392091 2018-06-30 ger

Chinese Politico-Economic Engagement in Africa: Strategy of Economic Diplomacy and Beyond Assad Mehmood Nazim Rahim Aziz Ur Rehman Africa China Political Economy Foreign Direct Investment Non-Interference Since the late 1990s, while Chinas official announcement of its going out strategy and soon after, during early 2000s collaborations with World Trade Organization (WTO) to persuade economic engagements beyond Chinese geographical boundaries, expansion of its Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) vis-à-vis trade exploration with both African continents has increased proportionally. Particularly, Chinas current rigorous economic forecasting with plummeting stock markets, an overall rise in its overseas trade and industry engagements in African continent merits an assessment of the Chinas Model of economic exploration within ever-increasing international political economy and also entails that Chinas economic engagement possibly be more reliant on relations with such regions than discussed earliest. Moreover, differentiating the politico-economic engagements in play within Africa, Chinas going out strategy can be more precisely comprehended as kind of reliant and mutual cooperation approaches as region specific. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar,Department of Political Science & International Relations, Qurtuba University of Science & IT Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Qurtuba University of Science & IT Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Political Science & International Relations, Qurtuba University of Science & IT Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Chinese-Politico-Economic-Engagement-in-Africa-Strategy-of-Economic-Diplomacy-and-Beyond https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392092 2018-06-30 ger

Institutional Setup in Market Economy and Islamic Property Rights Noor Fatima Muhammad Zubair Zubair Sarfaraz Property-Rights MarketEconomy Institutional-Setup Islam and Economics EconomicFreedom This paper argues that there is an ever-growing demand to correlate between Islam and Economics. Property-right and ownership is the basic concept of the modern economic structure of a liberal economic system. A property right is well explained in Islam and that also an essential element for the market economy, this paper discusses the Islamic perspective of property rights and how far it is complementary with the market economy. Since property rights of Islam are central to the structure of the economic system, Islam also emphasizes on economically good life depends on free trade. Free trade demands a recognized system of property rights, as a market base system demands a healthy competition of commodities, which ultimately needs private property rights for the protection of capital of producers and owners. The distribution of wealth is the main argument of the Islamic Economic System, which helps states in the fair distribution of resources. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of International Relations and Political Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Law,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Legal Consultant, Islamabad,Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Institutional-Setup-in-Market-Economy-and-Islamic-Property-Rights https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392093 2018-06-30 ger

Problems and Prospects of CPEC for Economic Development and Regional Integration Nazim Rahim Assad Mehmmod Khan Muhammad Muzaffar CPEC Economic Integration Regional Stability China is keenly observing the dynamics of world politics and to meet the challenges of the existing world, China is focusing on economic development and industrialization. China is also trying to facilitate other states to overcome their economic problems by providing them with foreign direct investment, loans, development projects, technical assistance, infrastructure building etc. By doing this, it is pursuing the goal of regional integration and connectivity. Almost more than sixty-five countries are going to be linked with this unique project. Specifically, CPEC has the potential to bind tightly the most important regions of the world such as East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Middle East, and Eurasia. In this regard, China is facing some serious problems and challenges created by the status quo powers. This research paper highlights the importance of regional integration and the step towards this objective in the shape of CPEC. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtuba University of Science & IT, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. PhD. Scholar, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtuba University of Science & IT, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Government College Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Problems-and-Prospects-of-CPEC-for-Economic-Development-and-Regional-Integration https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392094 2018-06-30 ger

European Union and Liberalism Sohail Ahmad Inayat Kalim Azka Gull Democracy Complexinterdependence Human rights Cooperation Mediation Military Control Complex interdependence is the crucial concept of liberalism. If Liberalism believes in democracy, cooperation, mutual benefits, and human rights, then complex interdependence helps the states to achieve these ideals. Moreover, it also minimizes the chances of conflict and war. The military’s role as a tool of foreign policy is limited, and transnational actors take precedence. The core of liberalism and interdependence could be understood more clearly if one applied it to the European Union. With 28 member states, the EU is the most influential intergovernmental organization in the whole world. The EU member states are mostly democratic and can easily be described as welfare states. The multiplex interdependence is a unique feature of the EU which makes it stronger. The EU has different organs which are responsible for drafting the legislature and carrying out different functions of the organization. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,, International Relations Programme,Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, International Relations Programme, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. Candidate of MS,International Relations, Department of Humanities,COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/European-Union-and-Liberalism https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392095 2018-06-30 ger

Socio-Economics, Religion and Family Planning in a Muslim Society: A Study of Islamabad (Pakistan) Sajid Mahmood Aawan Syed Ali Shah Syed Rashid Ali Economic Socio-economic Religion Birth Control Family Planning Pakistan . Demographic characteristics of varying societies vary from area to area depending on the ecological patterns of different societies. The commencement, receipt, and popularization of the movement of birth control were not identical all across the world. The idea of birth control reflects one of the most interesting episodes in the history of modern ideas. It is widely known as all the methods used to regulate or prevent the birth of children. It is deliberate prevention or delaying of births by various artificial means. Family Planning or Planned Parenthood is the term generally used to refer more broadly to policies, programs, and services designed to assist people in practicing birth control. The present study claims that all apparently religious doctrines against family planning are actually the expression of their local worldview. Accordingly, the people consider their opposition to the idea of family planning justified in Islam, though in reality, they derive their feelings from their socio-economic considerations. Humanity Publications Research Fellow,National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research (NIHCR),Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Socio-Economics-Religion-and-Family-Planning-in-a-Muslim-Society-A-Study-of-Islamabad-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392096 2018-06-30 ger

The Economy of Projects: Analyzing Project Management Resilience, Stress Management and Project Sustainability Syed Ali Naqi Kazmi Asia Baig Muhammad Zia-Ur Rehman Resilience Stress Management and Project Sustainability The due economy of projects is a catchword nowadays in the world. Advancement in project sustainability has reshaped the banking across the globe forcing companies to perform tasks and activities in the form of projects; resilience, stress management are some of the factors that redesign project sustainability. This cross-sectional study investigates the impact of resilience and stress management on project sustainability also making a contribution by analyzing the association of resilience and stress management. The beta values and results show in favor of acceptance of the entire hypothesis. The data was collected from the members of the project team working on a diverse project in the banking sector of Pakistan. The instrument used to collect the data was questionnaires to measure each variable. Pearson correlation and stepwise hierarchal regression were used to analyze the data. The study at the end highlights valuable findings and recommendations for the future and the researchers offer practical guidance further professionalizing Project Management. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Economics. Abdul Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, National Defence University,Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/The-Economy-of-Projects-Analyzing-Project-Management-Resilience-Stress-Management-and-Project-Sustainability https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392097 2018-06-30 ger

China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Debt Quagmire or a Ridge Rope for Struggling Economies Saima Gul Saima Umer Muhammad Shoaib Malik BRI Debt Trap Containment Policy Hegemon Interdependency China is an emerging superpower expanding its influence all over the world. But Chinas rise is a peaceful one and will be beneficial for the countries that are being involved in the process of development through the BRI. This project is a comprehensive portrait of the complex interdependence between China and the developing economies. China is getting the opportunities to expand its market and to secure its integrity beyond its borders. Emerging China is offering a chance to the developing economies to recover and further promote their economies. The BRI can be a debt quagmire or a ridge rope for the concerned states, depending upon the perception and use of it. Unfortunately, the growing influence of China is troubling the current hegemonic positions. This papers intention is to analyze the reality of the debt trap diplomacy, whether it actually is a trap or is being negatively propagated to contain Chinas rapidly growing power. Humanity Publications Lecturer,Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. A Student of Master's Program, Department of International Relations,University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies,National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Chinas-Belt-and-Road-Initiative-BRI-Debt-Quagmire-or-a-Ridge-Rope-for-Struggling-Economies https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392098 2018-06-30 ger

Economic Turmoil - Oil Prices and the Middle East Crisis Muhammad Zia-Ur Rehman Zahid Bashir Asia Baig Economic Turmoil Middle East Issues War and Conflicts in the Middle East Oil Prices This study focuses on Economic turmoil due to issues of the Middle East and its relation to oil prices, hence transposing the crisis to other economies of the world. A qualitative and logical resigning technique is used during the study. The author finds that the Middle East has a lot of issues related to oil prices, oil production. Most important are wars and conflicts within the region, terrorism, radicalism, the influence of US in the region, week government, and issues of politics. This study provides information to the government in policy making, in investment decisions, in politics and in financial decision making related to oil prices and its production in the region Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Islamabad Demonstrator,Department of Economics.Abdul Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Economic-Turmoil-Oil-Prices-and-the-Middle-East-Crisis https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392099 2018-06-30 ger

Banking Sector Performance and Political Stability9apos9s Impact on Economic Growth in Pakistan Junaid Khan Muhammad Faizan Malik Muhammad Ilyas Economic growth political stability banking sector This paper empirically finds the link between the banking sector performance and political stability on Economic growth. Panel data was used encompassing the time frame from 2006 to 2016 for banks operating in Pakistan. This paper main purpose at discovering that the banking sector performance, political stability, and other bank-specific factors have a vital impact on enhancing the procedure of economic growth in Pakistan. “Predictable outcomes suggest that economic growth in Pakistan is in long-term stability relationship; banking sector and political stability have long-term significant impact on economic growth and subsequently, economic growth converge to their longterm stability levels by the means created by Investment. This supports the reality that political certainty or stability is capable of stimulating a country’s development process”. Therefore, revealed significant relationship between banking sector performance and political stability of Pakistan on economic growth. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Management Sciences,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Banking-Sector-Performance-and-Political-Stabilitys-Impact-on-Economic-Growth-in-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392100 2018-06-30 ger

China's Consumption Function: An Empirical Test of Absolute and Permanent Income Hypothesis Saima Liaqat Khalid Khan Po Bunnika AIH PIH Campbell and Mankiw Model Forward-looking Households Backward-looking Households The study investigated the empirical rationale of Absolute and Permanent Income Hypothesis (AIH) & (PIH) for China by applying the yearly data from 1970-2016. The outcomes of the research study dismissed the validity of PIH, at the same time it reinforced the soundness of AIH in the country. The aftereffects of CMMl demonstrate that any change that occurs in expected income significantly affects the innovation in real private consumption. Moreover, the share of forward-looking households is genuinely lower than backward-looking households. Under the CMM the estimated value of (1- λ) for China is 0.25, which implies that by and large 25 percent of the households set their consumption base on permanent income, albeit the rest of the families take their consumption preferences are subject to current income, notwithstanding the outcomes of the study bring up a solid dismissal of PIH for China. Humanity Publications Visiting PhD Scholar,University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. College of Economics and Management, Northeast Agricultural University (NEAU), Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. College of Economics and Management, NEAU, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/chinas-consumption-function-an-empirical-test-of-absolute-and-permanent-income-hypothesis- https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392101 2018-06-30 ger

Investigating the Dynamic Empirics between Outflow of Remittances and Economic Growth: A Case Study of Saudi Arabia Nazima Ellahi Taseer Salahuddin Asif Raza Remittances Outflow Inflation Economic Growth To meet the developmental goals and fulfill the domestic labor demand of Saudi Arabia, more than 9.5 million skilled, semi-skilled and highly skilled workers from across the world are imported. After the United States of America (USA), it is the second-largest which is responsible for the larger outflow of remittances. This study is an empirical investigation to explore the impact of remittances outflow on the economic growth activity of Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, it also tests whether this outflow causes inflation in the Saudi economy. For the sack of empirical investigation, this study utilized annual time series data ranging from 1970 to 2017. Before estimating the shortrun and long-run estimates by the application of the AutoRegressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method, time-series properties of data are explored using the Augmented Dicky Fuller (ADF) test. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics and Finance, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Director Research National College of Business Administration and Economics, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Head of Business Operations, DPL (Pvt) Ltd., Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Investigating-the-Dynamic-Empirics-between-Outflow-of-Remittances-and-Economic-Growth-A-Case-Study-of-Saudi-Arabia https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392102 2018-06-30 ger

Impact of Credit Rating, Profitability and Liquidity on Capital Structure and Information Asymmetry: Evidence from Pakistani Non-Financial Sector Muhammad Anees Khan Syed Imran Muhammad Jehangir Credit Rating Profitability Capital Structure Pakistan Non-Financial Sector This study conducted for the nonfinancial sector of Pakistan, Total number of observations for the study is 600 with a group of 120. The dependent variable for this study is Capital structure and discretionary accrual, while independent variables include credit rating, profitability, and liquidity. The study developed two models for answering the research questions and objectives. Model one is about the impact of credit rating, profitability and liquidity on the capital structure, while model two is to examine the impact of credit rating and profitability on discretionary accrual. The results of the study show that credit rating and profitability positively impact capital structure and liquidity has a negative impact on capital structure. Moreover, in the second model, credit rating and profitability positively impact discretionary accrual. Another interesting finding from this study is that high rated firms more actively involved in asymmetry information. Due to this, in the financial market, investors invest in firms that increase the profitability of the firm. Humanity Publications Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Business Studies & Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies & Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-credit-rating-profitability-and-liquidity-on-capital-structure-and-information-asymmetry-evidence-from-pakistani-nonfinancial-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392103 2018-06-30 ger

Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: From the Perspective of Firm's Characteristics Maqsood Hayat Shehzad Khan Muhammad Faizan Malik Corporate Social Responsibility; CSR Disclosure; Firm's Characteristics; Content Analysis; Corporate Decision. The study analyzed the combined impact of the firm's characteristics on the level of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD). Data were obtained from the annual reports, and all the available assumptions were fulfilled before running the regression models. The results show that the percentage of shares held by the foreigner shareholders, top management, number of total shareholders, and the presence of independent director has a positive relationship with the level of CSRD. In addition, the percentage of the local shareholders has shown a negative association with the level of CSRD. Nevertheless, the firm's profitability shows no significant result, negating the general perception that profitable firms involve in more corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. Findings offer a comprehensive picture for policymakers, practitioners, and general corporate beneficiaries. This study insight that the involvement in CSR activities is sensitive to the internal corporate structure and the firm's capabilities Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Yunnan University of Business Management, Kunming, China. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/corporate-social-responsibility-disclosure-from-the-perspective-of-firms-characteristics https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Socio-economic Disparities in Balochistan: Assessing Structural Etiology Inayat Kalim Syeda Zohra Jabeen Naqvi Muhammad Mubeen Socio-Economic Disparity Structural Etiology Balochistan This study attempts to explain the insurgency in Balochistan in the context of existing socio-economic disparities. Structural etiology is a systemic and institutionalized deprivation of the people to their needs and rights. The empirical evidence suggests that violence in Balochistan is a complex phenomenon triggered by numerous instigators. The data on socio-economic indicators testifies that Balochistan lags behind the rest of the provinces on all important indicators, which points towards structural negligence. From the analysis of the data collected through interviews, socio-economic discrimination has been an influential factor that promoted Baloch insurgency. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. Research Student, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Socio-economic-Disparities-in-Balochistan-Assessing-Structural-Etiology https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The United Kingdom and Brexit: Implications, Consequences and Opportunities Ilhamah Qiamy Fahim Nawaz Syed Umair Jalal Brexit VAR Shocks Presently, Brexit and its implications for the United Kingdom (UK), European Union and rest of the world, are regarded as major concerns across the globe. The present study is an attempt to estimate the shock that the UKs economy will likely receive as a consequence of Brexit. It also seeks to find an answer to the question whether costs incurred as a consequence of Brexit are repairable or otherwise for the UK. By applying a vector autoregressive (VAR) model on annual time series data of four important economic variables, i.e. gross domestic product (GDP), imports, exports and foreign direct investment, ranging from 1970-2016, an interdependence relation was found to hold among variables. The result concludes that through Brexit, the UKs economy will face some fluctuations which wont last any longer than 12 to 15 years. In return, it will grant UK sovereignty in the different vital segments of the country like economic policies and political decisions. Humanity Publications Department of Economics,University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Department of Economics,University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar,Department of Political Science,University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/The-United-Kingdom-and-Brexit-Implications-Consequences-and-Opportunities https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Special Economic Zones: A Comparison of the Economic Policies of China and Pakistan Sohail Ahmad Inayat Kaleem Hajra Nasir Satti Poverty Protoindustrialization Trade Deficit Foreign Direct Investment Import Export Economy. China established Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in the late seventies and eighties which later became major drivers of their economic development. Now China is replicating the same phenomenon in Pakistan under CPEC. China, through the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the flagship project of One Belt One Road, has pledged to invest sixty-two (62) billion US dollars in Pakistan. The development of SEZs in Pakistan is divided into two phases. Phase one started in 2012, and the main focus in this phase was on Dhabeji, Rashakai Faisalabad. In phase two nine SEZs will be developed. If Pakistan successfully manages the SEZs it will shift the country towards industrialization in the long run and stabilize the Pakistani economy in the short run. However, many inconsistencies have originated due to Pakistans weak economic policies. This paper will provide a comparison between the SEZs in Pakistan and China, and how Pakistan can capitalize on the SEZs and pave the way for industrialization. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, International Relations Programme, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Candidate of MS, International Relations, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Special-Economic-Zones-A-Comparison-of-the-Economic-Policies-of-China-and-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Economic or Organisation Perspective?: Triangulation of Workplace Spirituality, Organisational Learning Capacity (OLC) and Organisational Trust Affaf Zahra Muhammad Zia-ur Rehman Asia Baig Organizational learning capacity workplace spirituality Organizational trust The study examines the relationship between workplace spirituality, organizational learning capacity, and organizational trust. Within the organization, trust plays a significant role in establishing learning capacity. The study is crosssectional in nature with a simple random sampling technique. Information is gathered from Training/learning and OD staff of government and commercial banks operating in Pakistan via selfadministered questionnaires. Data were analyzed through "Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)"€ and through maximum probability and likelihood. Findings indicate that workplace spirituality had a substantial positive effect on organizational learning capacity and organizational trust acts as moderator. Hence, organizational trust also has a significant positive impact on the relationship between workplace spirituality and organizational learning capacity. Middle and upper-level Managers working in the bank, different industry associations, multiple In-house and Ex-house training providing firms, support functions and research institutions may utilize findings to bring major improvements in learning capacity mechanisms and employee behavior to enhance the overall adequacy of the associations. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Economics. Abdul Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Economic-or-Organisation-Perspective-Triangulation-of-Workplace-Spirituality-Organisational-Learning-Capacity-OLC-and-Organisational-Trust https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Role of Trade in Peace Promotion: Assessment of Pak-India Relationship Saima Gul Syed Ali Shah Muhammad Usman Ullah RTAs WTO MFN SAFTA NDMA The relationship between trade and peace has been debated by policymakers, academicians and the general public, often ending in contesting conclusions defining the exact role of trade in this complex relationship. While taking the case study of Pakistan and India, this argument becomes more central to understanding whether there is a possibility for the furtherance of trade relations between Pakistan and India. It is a perception that political and military tactics have always been active in deciding the relations between Pakistan and India. Hence, it is important to explore viable options, such as trade, for bringing positive change in relations. This article emphasizes that a liberal perspective may provide a better explanation of this relationship and concludes that trade possesses the capacity to play an active role in mollifying strained relations between Pakistan and India and begin an era of peace and harmony in the region. Humanity Publications *Ph.D.Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Pakistan Studies,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/The-Role-of-Trade-in-Peace-Promotion-Assessment-of-Pak-India-Relationship https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Due Economy is Based on Authenticity? Authentic Leader's Personality and Employees' Voice Behaviour Muhammad Zia-ur Rehman Atiqa Shahbaz Noor Hassan Leader Authentic Personality Authentic Leadership Organization-Based Self-Esteem (OBSE) Employee Voice Behavior The study examines the impact of authentic leader’s personality on employee voice behavior through a quantitative study. The results, from a sample of 200 subordinate–supervisor dyads from a healthcare organization in Pakistan, provide evidence of a positive relationship for leader authentic personality with direct reports’ ratings of the leaders’ authentic leadership. In addition, authentic leadership was found to influence subordinates’ voice behavior, as rated by subordinates’ immediate supervisors; notably, this relationship was partially mediated by the subordinates’ perceptions of OBSE. Furthermore, leader authentic personality was indirectly related to subordinates’ voice behaviour through the mediating influence of authentic leadership and, in turn, subordinates’ perceptions of Organization-based selfesteem. The findings of this study will make management understand the linkage of an authentic leader’s personality and employee voice behavior. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, National Defense University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Research Scholar, National Defense University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Fellow,Department of Management Sciences,Yeungnam University, North Gyeongsang,South Korea. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/due-economy-is-based-on-authenticity-authentic-leaders-personality-and-employees-voice-behaviour- https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Impact of Political Activities on PSX: The Evidence from Pakistan Sami Ur Rahman Ihtesham Khan Muhammad Faizan Malik PSX-100 index T-statistics Political Events Event Study Methodology Moving Average The aim of this research study is to find the association between political events in Pakistan and Pakistans stock exchange. The study considered 10 most big political events in Pakistan in the duration of 2012 to 2017. To calculate the results, the study used moving average method for calculating expected and abnormal returns. Further, t-statistics is used to explore the relationship between political events and behavior of PSX (100). The study has explored in results that political events, on which investor believes some change in Government policies do have impact on PSX. Investors respond positively when government organizations look strong and free from political pressure. The study recommended that government should make strong their organization, rather than alter government policies frequently. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Management Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Management Sciences,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/The-Impact-of-Political-Activities-on-PSX-The-Evidence-from-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

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China-Laos Economic Corridor: Challenges for Regional and Policy Countermeasures RenKeyao Riaz Ahmad Azeem Gul OBOR/ China-Laos Economic Corridor infrastructure Challenges and Policy Suggestions This corridor is an important link between Chinas "the Belt and Road Initiative" and the strategy of Laos to turn "land-locked country" into "land-linked country". Continued to strengthen the construction of software and hardware facilities along the China-Laos economic corridor and promote the connectivity of the areas along the corridor, this research explores the channels of cooperation between China, Laos and third parties, starting with scientific and technological cooperation, carry out scientific diplomacy, and dissolve a series of remarks smearing Chinas "The Belt and Road Initiative" such as "Environmental Destruction Theory" and "Debt Trap Theory". Finally, through the establishment of a monitoring and evaluation system in order to construct this economic corridor, the overall situation of the facilities of the economic corridor construction project can be controlled. The research also finds whether Laos has benefited from the construction of the China-Laos economic corridor and to what extent. Humanity Publications School of Political and Public Management,Soochow University & School of Education and Humanity Soochow Vocational University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Manager ORIC (R&D), National Defense University Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer,Peace and Conflict Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/China-Laos-Economic-Corridor-Challenges-for-Regional-and-Policy-Countermeasures https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Islamic Microfinance Credit for Women Entrepreneurship Development and its Obstacles in Pakistan Nazima Ellahi Muhammad Awais Asif Raza Women Entrepreneurship Islamic Microfinance Credit Obstacles to growth. Women entrepreneurs suffer from various obstacles, such as gender gap or discrimination, few years of business experience and limited access to financing. The first part of this study explains the theoretical base of the Islamic microfinance, going through religious and ethical principles and financial contracts related to these principles. By using these theoretical aspects, the present study tried to evidence the main reasons for the “feminization of microfinance” in Pakistan. This study tries to answers, why, Islamic microfinance is an answer to improvement in women entrepreneurship. The second part of this study highlights social and environmental factors acting as a hindrance to female-entrepreneurship development. The primary data set is collected through field surveys from major administrative units of Pakistan to make sample more representative of Pakistan, where major Islamic micro-financing institutions are in operation. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of Business & Technology, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Business Administration, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan. Head of Business Operations,Digital Product Limited (DPL),Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Islamic-Microfinance-Credit-for-Women-Entrepreneurship-Development-and-its-Obstacles-in-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Relationship of Socio-Economic Status and Achievement of Learners in English as a Subject at Secondary Level in Pakistan Saira Maqbool Ameer Sultan Rashida Imran SES English Achievement Grammar vocabulary. status In Pakistan English is taught as a compulsory subject in private as well as public schools form primary till university level. Resulting in the different outcomes by different socioeconomic status student. The current study attempts to study the correlation between socio-economic status and their achievement in the subject of English using survey method. The data was collected through simple random sampling technique. Data was collected 162 students through questionnaire. The descriptive and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis. The results revealed that the students whose parents having managerial category had a high correlation with all the four (sentence, grammar, vocabulary and spelling) skills of English learning. Whereas, students from the unskilled and semiskilled families resulted in a low achievement in English. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of English,Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. LecturerDepartment of English,International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer,Department of English, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/The-Relationship-of-Socio-Economic-Status-and-Achievement-of-Learners-in-English-as-a-Subject-at-Secondary-Level-in-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Investigating the Nexus between Productivity and Export Performance of Pakistan Asma Saeed Zahoor Ul Haq Javed Iqbal Productivity; Total Factor Productivity; Export; Growth Accounting Framework An increase in productivity has been associated with better export performance by increasing the efficiency of the factors of production. Further, productivity leads to a reduction in production costs and an increase in comparative advantage in the international market. In this study, the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test is used to investigate the nexus between productivity and export performance of agricultural and manufacturing sectors of Pakistan. The study uses secondary data from 1990 to 2016 to estimate the total factor productivity (TFP) and then uses it as a proxy of productivity. Our results show that TFP and gross domestic product (GDP) have a significant and positive impact on the export performance of Pakistan. Foreign direct investment (FDI), real exchange rate and cost to export are found to be negatively related to Pakistans export performance. In the long run, both the sectors (agricultural and manufacturing) need improvement in productivity in order to be competitive in intentional markets. Humanity Publications PhD Candidate, Department of Economics,Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Professor,Department of Economics,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics,Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Investigating-the-Nexus-between-Productivity-and-Export-Performance-of-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Logistics Crunch: Analysis of Intermodal Containers Resource in Pre and Post China Pakistan Economic Corridors Establishment Seerat Fatima Shahzad Khurram Anjeela Khurram Intermodal Containers Focus Group Transportation International Logistics Pakistan China Pakistan Economic Corridor would link Gwadar (one of the deepest seaports on the southwestern coast of Pakistan) with China, Central Asian States, Russia, Turkey, and several other countries. Pakistan appears less prepared in so far as international logistics is concerned. Analysis of the focus group and archival records suggested that the quantity and quality of the intermodal containers are not sufficient to fulfill the exponentially rising trade needs. We found Pakistan does not produce intermodal containers locally. This area needs immediate attention from both public and private sectors, as a shortage of intermodal containers can potentially disrupt the regional trade. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjb, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Business Administration,Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, RITM University of Paris Sud (Saclay) Paris, France. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Logistics-Crunch-Analysis-of-Intermodal-Containers-Resource-in-Pre-and-Post-China-Pakistan-Economic-Corridors-Establishment https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Corporate Governance on a Firms Financial Performance (The Case of Pakistan) Mudassar Mushtaq Sajida Parveen Muhammad Furqan Ashraf Board Size (S) Executive Gatherings CEO Duality Level of NonOfficial Directors(Dirs) Analyst attempts to best find the job of corporate governance (CG) on the evolvement/execution of the company just as on other budgetary choices. In this examination CG is estimated by utilizing five factors board size (S), executive gatherings, CEO duality, level of non-official directors (Dirs). also, the level of autonomous Dirs. ROA isnt influenced by the scale/size of the board and effect irrelevantly. Board size in the setting of Pakistan cant develop a reason to increment or diminish organization ROA. Non-official executives job doesnt validate the addition in the evolvement of the organization just as in ROA of organization. Organization evolvement and ROA are related adversely with the extent of executives who are not Dirs. The companys extension in size is enormous or little cat build the productivity of the organization in using the benefits for remittance, it generally relies upon the capacities of bosses as opposed to (S). Humanity Publications PhD Scholar,Department of Business Administration,National College of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Sociology,Govt. College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Phd Scholar,Department of Sociology, Govt College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Impact-of-Corporate-Governance-on-a-Firms-Financial-Performance-The-Case-of-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Happy Supplying? An Overview of Moonlighting by University Teachers Noor Jehan Himayatullah Khan Muhammad Arif Moonlighting PNSQ Need Fulfillment Higher Education Institutes This paper addresses the need fulfillment of moonlighting university teachers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. We selected nine public sector universities randomly following by the calculation of respondents for each category of teachers through the proportion allocation method. The sample consisted of 656 faculty members. The study used Porter Need Satisfaction questionnaire and compared moonlighter and non-moonlighter teachers needs fulfillment. The results reveal that there is no difference between the social needs, actualization needs and esteem needs of the moonlighters and non-moonlighter teachers. In the case of selffulfillment and security needs, there was found a difference for both the categories. The results reveal an insignificant difference between teachers practicing moonlighting and those not moonlighting in terms of need fulfillment and moonlighters are more deficient in security, esteem and actualization needs. The study suggested the formalization and encouragement of moonlighting as well as improvement of work conditions (pecuniary and non-pecuniary). Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of Economics,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Professor,Institute of Development studies, the university of agriculture Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Management Science,University of Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Happy-Supplying-An-Overview-of-Moonlighting-by-University-Teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Corruption-Growth Nexus: Evidence from China Manzoor Hussain Memon Khalid Khan Saima Urooge Economic Growth Corruption The study inspects the effect of corruption on economic growth in China. Corruption is a permanent dilemma, especially for emerging economies, and as a main indicator of quality governance. The study uses data from 1996 to 2015 for key variables e.g. corruption perception index, trade openness. The results show that in the short-run, China gains from the typical corruption, nevertheless the coefficient is statistically insignificant with a slight degree. Though, to support long-run sustainable economic growth, it is very important to overwhelm corruption and ensure good governance. The results show that Chinas corruption prevents long-run economic growth. Hence, to maintain stable development and strong economic growth in China, more efforts are needed to eliminate corruption from society Humanity Publications PhD Scholar,Applied Economics Research Centre, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Economics,Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences. Uthal, Balochistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics,Islamia College University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Corruption-Growth-Nexus:-Evidence-from-China https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Economic Rise of China and India: A Comparative Analysis. Surat Khan Tayyab Wazir Uzma Akhtar China India Economy liberalization reforms. China and India have emerged as the worlds leading economies in the last four decades. The remarkable economic rise of the once-dormant and fragile economies of both China and India is one of the astonishing stories in the recent past. Both have introduced robust and revolutionary reforms in their economic policies which effected fast and sustained economic growth. These reforms include liberalization of the economic policies, emphasis on attracting foreign direct investment, and focus on enhancing trade. China, which introduced the semi-capitalist economy after the 1978 reforms have already become the worlds second-largest economy behind the USA, while India has emerged as the fastest-growing economy in South Asia. This study aims at comparing the economic trajectory of these two rising Asian economic giants. The research also focuses on those factors that played a decisive role in the economic rise of these countries. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar,Department of Political Science,University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar,Defense and Strategic Studies,Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad. PhD Scholar,Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Economic-Rise-of-China-and-India-A-Comparative-Analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Colonialization Impacts on the Inhabitants and Voices of Liberal Writers Nadia Saeed Muhammad Ali Shaikh Stephen John Colonialization inhabitants and liberal writers. Colonialism is a policy in which a strong nation enters a weak territory and starts exploiting the inhabitants of that land for their economic interests. The colonizers dominate the colonized through violence to bring them into their subjection. Some liberal writers have written about colonialism and its impacts on the colonized slaves. Chinua Achebe has presented the realistic picture of Africa when it was colonized by the Britishers. His novel, "Things Fall Apart" presents the pre-colonial and colonial states of Africa that make it easy to understand how colonialization impacted the culture and lives of the natives. The paper justifies Franz Fanons point of view that the colonial world divides humans into the colonist and the colonized and this difference is created by colonists to assert their superiority Humanity Publications PhD Research Scholar,School of Foreign Languages,Central China Normal University, Wuhan China. Professor,Department of Media Studies,Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor,Department of Education,Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Colonialization-Impacts-on-the-Inhabitants-and-Voices-of-Liberal-Writers https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Managerial Coaching Induces Psychological Engagement of Employees: Moderating Effect of Knowledge Management Shahida Mariam Farooq Ahmad Muhammad Nawaz Qaisar Managerial Coaching Psychological Engagement Knowledge Management. Project organizations are essential to economic development. In this context, we study the relationship of managerial coaching with psychological engagement at work and how to leverage this relationship through knowledge management. Data was collected from 463 managerial employees of different project-basedorganizations in Pakistan using existing reliable scales. The hypotheses were tested through regression analysis. Results showed a significant positive link among managerial coaching, psychological engagement, and knowledge management. Knowledge management turned a suppressing effect on the relationship between managerial coaching and psychological engagement. However, this effect diminishes when there exists an effective knowledge management system as knowledgeable employees may dislike frequent coaching. The findings suggest that to augment psychological conditions for employee engagement at work, the organizations can benefit from developing a balanced culture of managerial coaching and its appropriate convergence with a knowledge management system. Humanity Publications Librarian,Department of Business & Commerce,Government Institute of Commerce, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Science,SZABIST, Larkana, Punjab, Pakistan. Independent Scholar. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Managerial-Coaching-Induces-Psychological-Engagement-of-Employees-Moderating-Effect-of-Knowledge-Management https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Determining Work Stress, Work Motivation, Compensation of Employee Performance with Long Work in Indonesia Export Financing Institutions Nofanza Prima Charta Chablullah Wibisono Muamar Khadafi Stress of Work Motivation of Work Competition Length of work Employee Performance. From year to year, Indonesian Export Financing Institution recruits’ employees. Each new employee is to be contracted for one year, and if he performs excellently and achieves the specified target within one year, he will be appointed as permanent employee. Researchers used SEM with AMOS 24. The sample of respondents numbered 156. The change in Performance of Employee determined by Stress of Work, Motivation of Work, Competition, and Length of Work is 43% while the rest 68.1% is the contribution of other variables that have not been included in this study. Determination of stress of work, the motivation of work, competition, length of work, employee performance in a variety of significant positive and not significant, but the contribution of each in a square multiple correlation shows this research model is quite good. Humanity Publications Faculty of Economics, Batam University, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Faculty of Economics, Batam University, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Faculty of Economics, Batam University, Riau Islands, Indonesia. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Determining-Work-Stress,-Work-Motivation,-Compensation-of-Employee-Performance-with-Long-Work-in-Indonesia-Export-Financing-Institutions https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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China-Pakistan Economic Interdependence Sobia Jamil Syed Ali Shah Muhammad Shoaib Malik China CPEC Economic Cooperation Economic Interdependence Pakistan This research paper presents an analytical overview of China Pakistan bilateral trade, Free Trade Agreements and Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan. Geo-economics has become a focal point in inter-state relations. Initially, geo-economics was analyzed by the theorists as an element of Geostrategic politics along with other elements for projecting power. According to realists and Neorealists, military power is the primary element of exercising power in global politics. Paul Kennedy was one of the leading scholars who discussed the relation between national power and economic resources of the country in his work entitled; The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. Humanity Publications PhD scholar, Department of Law and International Relations, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia. Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, AWKUM, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies and History, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/chinapakistan-economic-interdependence https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Does Banking Sector Development have any Association with Economic Growth and Interest Rates in Pakistan? Muhammad Yusuf Amin Syed Imran Khan Noor Hassan Banking Sector Economic Growth Interest Rates The study aims to examine the association between banking sector development, real exchange rates, inflation rates, federal discount rates, economic growth and bank deposits in Pakistan. The study employs Johansen co-integration method and Granger causality test. The empirical results confirm for the existence of a long run relationship between banking sector development and inflation, economic growth and federal discount rates. The results of Granger causality indicate that US interest rates affect the development of the Pakistani banking sector. This confirms the existence of spillover impact. Humanity Publications PhD, Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, North Cyprus. Lecturer, IBL, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Graduate Business School, Yeungnam University, South Korea. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/does-banking-sector-development-have-any-association-with-economic-growth-and-interest-rates-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Social Relational Capital as a Community Economic Development Factor Mujib Ur Rahman Muhammad Faizan Malik Wisal Ahmad Social Relational Community Economic Development Handloom Business Community The paper examined the impact of relational capitals on community economic development. For this purpose, the handloom business community was taken as a case study from Peshawar Valley. Data was collected through purposive sampling from169 handlooms firms. The results concluded that the impact of relational capital is significant, and the relationship is positive. This study hereby suggests that government and policymakers should invest in making ties and a strong network of firms within and outside of the community; hence with high investment in making strong social-relational capital can develop the entire entrepreneurial communities. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/social-relational-capital-as-a-community-economic-development-factor https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Why do Institutional Forces Matter more in Corporate Social Responsibility? Maqsood Hayat Shehzad Khan Muhammad Faizan Malik Corporate Social responsibility Institutional Forces Worldwide Governance Indicators Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Developing Countries In this paper, we analyze the effect of the country's institutional forces on the level of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) within the companies listed on Pakistan's stock exchange. Numbers of theories (e.g., institutional theory, legitimacy theory) are used to understand the relationship among the formal institutional forces and the level of CSRD. The available assumptions for the regression model were fulfilled in addition to Hausman's test. It was found that the level of CSRD is sensitive to the intensity of various local institutional forces. Such types of institutional forces predict the limits how to understand, build, and maintain the relationship between business and society. The results of the study offer a comprehensive picture for policy-makers, practitioners, and common corporate beneficiaries to understand the "why" and "how" of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) phenomena in developing countries context, particularly in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Yunnan University of Business Management, Kunming, China. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/why-do-institutional-forces-matter-more-in-corporate-social-responsibility https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Impact of Corporate Governance on Working Capital Management (WCM) Efficiency: An Empirical Study of Manufacturing Firms of Pakistan Ijlal Haider Rais Khan Muhammad Suhail Corporate Governance Working Capital Management (WCM) Pakistan This article examines the impact of corporate governance of manufacturing firms of Pakistan considering Working Capital Management. A quantitative approach is used to analyze and test research hypothesis. Annual reports of forty-seven (47) companies are studied for a period of five years (2010-2014) from 100 index population with the total of 235 observations. Analysis on the obtained data were done using descriptive and regression analysis (Ordinary Least Square) method. Factors considered for corporate governance included Board Size, Board Meeting, and Board Committee Peshawar. Whereas, Working Capital Management was measured by account receivable (days), account inventory (days) and account payable (days). The results of study concludes that no significant impact of corporate governance was observed on Working Capital Management of manufacturing firms in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Lecturer in HR, Department of Management Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MS scholar, CECOS University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Math's, Stats & Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-corporate-governance-on-working-capital-management-wcm-efficiency-an-empirical-study-of-manufacturing-firms-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Study of Safety, Security, Health, and Developmental Services in Secondary Schools Sheraz Khan Iftikhar Ali Ayaz Ali Shah Safety Security Developmental Services This work aims to find out the safety and security services provided to secondary school teachers and find the difference in supplying these services to the teachers based on job status and their experiences. A selfmade questionnaire was used to collect data from hundred teachers that include both genders (male & female). The aim of the study was Data shows that there is a significant gender wise difference in the provision of safety and security services, particularly female need more security. The interview was also used, and data were collected from 10 teachers through interviews. Most of the teachers responded that there is a lack of these services in schools. Further suggestions were given to improve the condition of such services. Humanity Publications Meezan College of Education, Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Government High School Ghala Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/a-study-of-safety-security-health-and-developmental-services-in-secondary-schools https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Industrialization, Urbanization and Energy Consumption on Environmental Degradation: Evidence from India Sohail Farooq Shabana Parveen Habib Elahi Sahibzada Urbanization; Industrialization; Energy use; Linear regression model. Industrialization and Urbanization are the important pillars for economic growth in a country however, a threat to the natural environment. The major aim of this study is to empirically analyze the effect of industrialization, urbanization, and energy consumption on the environment in India. Annual data for the span of 1975-2018 is analyzed. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and (PP) tests are adopted for checking the stationarity. After confirming long-run cointegration in all the variables, the study used a linear regression model for the estimates of the value of the coefficient of the variables. The estimates of the model show urbanization and consumption of energy have a positive significant (negative effect on the environment) whereas industrialization has a negative insignificant impact on emissions of CO2. It is recommended based on this study results that real planning regarding urbanization along with energy use is the need for the Indian economy, to control the high emissions of CO2. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of Economics,Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics,Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education,Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2019-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Impact-of-Industrialization-Urbanization-and-Energy-Consumption-on-Environmental-Degradation-Evidence-from-India https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Testing the Reliability and Existence of IS-LM Model for Pakistan Gulzar Ali Said Zamin Shah Ghulam Mustafa IS-LM model planned expenditure Descriptive Statistics ARDL approach. The IS-LM model was considered indispensable and had great importance and recital for macroeconomic phenomenon at theoretical as well empirical analysis since 1960s. Now a days the applications of IS-LM model has been greatly restricted to few situations depicts losing the fame. However it has been a crucial part of the basic principles and manuscripts of macroeconomics long since 1960s. Observing the reliability and existence of IS-LM model in case of Pakistan, for that purpose the study regressed two model; in first the basic model without including the model parameters and in second, with model parameters. The empirical results found the reliability and existence of IS-LM model. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of Economics,Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Economics,Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Economics and Business Administration,Division of Artsand Social Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab Pakistan. 2019-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Testing-the-Reliability-and-Existence-of-IS-LM-Model-for-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Reinforcing Risk Perception to Induce Exercise Intention: Role of Systematic Interaction from Social Marketing Perspectives Farooq Ahmad Muhammad Nawaz Qaisar Syed Ali Raza Hamid Fear Appeals Risk Perception Systematic Interaction Behavior Change The study examined the relationship between systematic interaction, fear appeals, and exercise intention using group-centered and participatory approaches. The longitudinal experimental design was used to understand the phenomenon of fear appeals (risk perception) for adopting sustained physical activities. The sample comprised two treatment conditions i.e. experimental group and control group to measure the impact of interventions for verification of the proposed conceptual model. The findings indicate that risk perception mediated the relationship between systematic interaction and exercise intention. Moreover, systematic interaction has a positive effect on risk perception and exercise intention. The findings conceptually advance the fear appeal theory with a new lens using a participatory paradigm to augment sustained behavior change. We advocate that use of systematic interaction adds value in expanding the scope of a theoretical base for marketing. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Faculty of Management & Social Sciences,University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. Independent Researcher Assistant Professor, Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences,Hamdard University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan. 2019-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Reinforcing-Risk-Perception-to-Induce-Exercise-Intention-Role-of-Systematic-Interaction-from-Social-Marketing-Perspectives https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Determination of Interpersonal Relations, Leadership Style, Communication of Work Productivity with Team Cooperation in the Bintan Regency Secretariat, Indonesia Maisyarah Chablullah Wibisono Bambang Satriawan Interpersonal Relationships Leadership Style Communication Team Cooperation Work Productivity. This research was conducted to see the determination of interpersonal relationships, leadership styles, and communication against work productivity with team cooperation as intervening variables in the general section in the Bintan Regency Regional Secretariat. The respondents in this study were civil servants and non-permanent employees, a general part in the Regional Secretariat of Bintan Regency, amounting to 96 people. Validity and reliability were tested using SEM-PLS, then independent variables, mediator variables, and dependent variables were analysed using the SEM-PLS. From the research results, it is known that interpersonal relationships do not directly determine teamwork, leadership style directly determines teamwork, Communication directly determines teamwork, teamwork does not directly determine work productivity, interpersonal relationships directly determine work productivity, determination gave the variables of interpersonal relationships, leadership style and Communication on work productivity was 44.7%, and teamwork was 53.2%. At the same time, the rest were explained by other variables outside this study. Humanity Publications Faculty of Economics, Batam University, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Faculty of Economics, Batam University, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Faculty of Economics, Batam University, Riau Islands, Indonesia. 2019-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Determination-of-Interpersonal-Relations,-Leadership-Style,-Communication-of-Work-Productivity-with-Team-Cooperation-in-the-Bintan-Regency-Secretariat, https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 2 Pakistan

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China-Pakistan Economic Cooperation: Trade, Investment, Energy, Infrastructure and Gwadar Port Sobia Jamil Muhammad Shoaib Malik Syed Ali Shah Baluchistan China CPEC Economic Cooperation Economic Interdependence Gwadar Port Pakistan This research paper presents an analytical overview of the ChinaPakistan Economic Cooperation Under the umbrella of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. This research study has employed the qualitative method in which secondary sources of data have taken from the existing literature, published and unpublished research works and primary data was collected by conducting interviews of International Relations experts to analyze the significance of Pakistan-Chinas Economic Cooperation and CPEC. Humanity Publications PhDScholar, Faculty of Law and Interntional Relations, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies and History, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, AWKUM, KP, Pakistan. 2019-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/chinapakistan-economic-cooperation-trade-investment-energy-infrastructure-and-gwadar-port https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Capital Structure of Chinese Firms Across different Sectors: Does Ownership Structure Matter? Muhammad Yusuf Amin Amanat Ali Bashir Khan Capital Structure Corporate Ownership State-Owned Enterprises China. This study estimates the effect of state ownership and other firmspecific variables on the capital structure of Chinese listed industries operating in different sectors. State ownership and leverage are both negatively and positively associated. The negative association of state ownership with leverage was found in construction, metals and metal products, services and transport sectors, while positive association was found in chemical, rubber, plastic & non-metallic products and machinery & other equipment. Size and profitability are the other most prominent factors affecting capital structure of the firms across different sectors in China. Hence, this study shows that in addition to other firm specific variables, ownership structure also determines capital structure of Chinese firms. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan PhD Scholar, School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2019-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/capital-structure-of-chinese-firms-across-different-sectors-does-ownership-structure-matter https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 2 Pakistan

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How to address the Puzzle of Military Intervention into Politics in Developing Democracies by Taking Pakistan as Case Study: A Theoretical Debate Ayaz Ali Shah Shaukat Hina Malik Military Intervention Politics Democracies Pakistan This paper discusses why military intervention takes place in developing democracies by taking Pakistan as a case study with a focus on theoretical intricacies. There may be different theoretical explanations as to why the military imposes martial laws and takes the affairs of the state into their own hands. It discusses Samuel P. Huntington's Professionalism, Michael Desch's Structural Theory, based on internal and external threats and other theories of military takeover but what is found in the context of Pakistan but found Samuel Edward Finer's Disposition and Opportunity theory of military takeover more suitable. It suggests that the military in developing democracies where it has historically imposed martial laws is always ready to take over the country but wait for the right opportunity to come. And when the opportunity is presented in the shape of poor governance on the part of civilian leadership, the army makes a comeback and takes over the country. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/how-to-address-the-puzzle-of-military-intervention-into-politics-in-developing-democracies-by-taking-pakistan-as-case-study-a-theoretical-debate https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Macroeconomic Determinants of Inclusive Growth in Pakistan: An ARDL Approach Vivek Anand Muhammad Qasim Nizamani Farheen Qasim Nizamani Inclusive Growth Economic Growth ARDL There is increasing concern that growth in most part of the world in not distributed equitably. This is particularly the situation in Pakistan, where the economic growth is uneven and biased toward the affluent. This study aims to present empirical analysis to characterize the association between inclusive growth and its macro-economic determinants in Pakistan. In this context, the study employs annual time-series data for 23 years (1994-2017). In order to obtain long-run and short-term results, both auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) and error correction model (ECM) was being implemented. The findings of the study reveal that infrastructure development and government consumption have a positive and significant impact on the long-term inclusive growth of Pakistan. In contrast, a negative relationship is being observed between inflation, health expenditure and inclusive growth. Based on the findings, the study suggests that policymakers should develop appropriate policies to promote healthy government expenditure, infrastructure development, control inflation, and bring transparency in the health sector for fostering inclusive growth in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Isra University Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2019-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/macroeconomic-determinants-of-inclusive-growth-in-pakistan-an-ardl-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 2 Pakistan

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CSR's Pattern and Trends within Multinational Enterprises Operating in China Maqsood Hayat Shehzad Khan Muhammad Faizan Malik Corporate Social Responsibility; Multinational Enterprises; Emerging Economies; Global Reporting Initiative (GRI-G4); China This study examines the trends of corporate social responsibility (CSR) dynamics within multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in China. Secondary data was gathered from the published reports (e.g., annual, CSR, sustainability etc.) to measure the study variable with the help of global reporting initiative (GRI-G4) and compute a comprehensive CSR' outline. This study institutes the fundamental but general drifts about the concept of CSR within MNEs in China. Overall, it was found that the inclination of CSR activities is towards social; followed by environmental and economic dimensions. While comparing CSR performance among various sectors, it was reflected that exploration & production, manufacturing and consumer products sectors have outperformed. Similarly, on average, Chinese MNEs disclosed proportionately more CSR activities than Non-Chinese MNEs. These results are very significant both for researchers and corporate practitioners. This research has not only examined the CSR's indicators quantitatively but also its reporting quality, in a quantitative and qualitative manner. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Yunnan University of Business Management, Kunming, China. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/csrs-pattern-and-trends-within-multinational-enterprises-operating-in-china https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Shari'ah Legitimacy of the Existing Islamic Banks: As Artificial Person having Limited Liability Minhajuddin Muhammad Sohail Alam Khan Brekhana Gul Shari'ah Legitimacy Islamic Banks Artificial Person Mudarabah This paper studies the legitimacy of existing Islamic banking as an artificial person with the element of limited liability. This paper aims to analyze those arguments which are presented in favor of Islamic banking in the aforesaid ground. It examines these arguments to see whether the role of Islamic banks as an artificial person with the element of limited liability is consistent with the laid down principles of Shariah or not. This paper denies those argument sand declares the present Islamic banking UN-Islamic. The prospectus of the bank was also found inconsistent with the basic rules of Mudarabah. The transactions of Islamic banks with their clients were also found contradictory with the basic conditions of a valid contract. The role of the director as a paid shareholder was also found contravening the injunctions of Islam. According to the author, the presence of an Islamic bank-as an artificial person with tag of limited liability on its brow has no evidence in the literature of Islamic Jurisprudence. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business % Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business % Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakista Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business % Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakista 2019-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/shariah-legitimacy-of-the-existing-islamic-banks-as-artificial-person https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Advancing the Field of Social Marketing Through the Lens of Group Dynamics: An Overview and Research Agenda Farooq Ahmad Syed Ali Raza Hamid Muhammad Nawaz Qaisar Social Marketing Behavioral Changes Attitudinal Reconstruction Social marketing is an emerging sub-discipline of marketing. Social marketing deals with attitudinal reconstruction and helps to augment behavioral changes to address various social issues. Social marketing also uses conventional elements of 4Ps to influence behavior change. In this study, a systematic literature review was examined from peer-reviewed journals on social marketing. The focus of this literature review was on important theoretical contributions and theories used in the social marketing domain. Social marketing employed the theories initially developed in psychology and social psychology to study the phenomenon of behavior change as a function of intra-individual processing, persuasive techniques, and one-way communication. Individual centered approaches have been used in this context. The role of group dynamics a strategic tool has not been explored in the domain of social marketing. The research paper has identified possible future research areas in the domain of social marketing in the context of group dynamics. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Faculty of Management Science,SZABIST, Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences,Hamdard University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan. Independent Scholar 2019-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Advancing-the-Field-of-Social-Marketing-Through-the-Lens-of-Group-Dynamics-An-Overview-and-Research-Agenda https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Determining Achievements Motivation, Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture for Employee Performance with Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as Intervening in the Education Depa Desi Indriati Chablullah Wibisono Indrayani Achievement Motivation Transformational Leadership Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organizational Culture and Performance. There are problems with the performance of the Riau Islands Province Education Agency Employees. This study uses the judgmental technique (purposive) to get a sample of 122 employees. The results of calculations assisted SPSS version 22 and AMOS (Analysis Moment of Structural) version 24. Square Multiple Correlation whose value is respectively for Performance = 0.828, for Organizational Citizenship Behavior = 0.826. Square Multiple Correlation value for the Performance variable 82.8%. Thus it can be stated that the change in performance is determined by Achievement Motivation, Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior by 82.8%. For Organizational Citizenship Behavior R2 = 82.6%. Thus it can be stated that the change in Organizational Citizenship Behavior is determined by Achievement Motivation, Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture by 82.6%. With this research, the problem of the performance of the Riau Islands Province Education Agency Employees performance has been answered. Humanity Publications Faculty of Economics, Batam University, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Faculty of Economics, Batam University, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Faculty of Economics, Batam University, Riau Islands, Indonesia. 2019-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Determining-Achievements-Motivation,-Transformational-Leadership-and-Organizational-Culture-for-Employee-Performance-with-Organizational-Citizenship-Be https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Does the Impact of State Ownership on Financial Performance of Firms Vary across different Sectors in China? Muhammad Yusuf Amin Noor Hassan Syed Imran Khan Capital Structure Firm Performance State-Owned Enterprises China. This study explores the impact of state ownership on the performance of Chinese listed firms. This study uses annual data of 143, state-owned 1,235, private enterprises for a period of 2011 to 2015. We use Ordinary Least Square method to find whether firm profitability and ownership are associated with each other or not. The results of whole sample indicate that over all firm performance and state ownership are negatively associated in China. However, the negative connection between state ownership and financial performance changes as we run the regression across different sectors. Humanity Publications PhD, Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, North Cyprus PhD Scholar, Graduate Business School, Yeungnam University, South Korea. Lecturer, IBL, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/does-the-impact-of-state-ownership-on-financial-performance-of-firms-vary-across-different-sectors-in-china https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Administration of the Indigenous Entrepreneurship Model on a Sample of Young Entrepreneurs Shahid Qureshi Abdullah Mustafa Misbah Amin Entrepreneurship Indigenous Entrepreneurship Model Effectuation Young Entrepreneurs Nation Building. This research applies the indigenous entrepreneurship model developed at the center for entrepreneurial development at IBA Karachi. This model is based on the pre-effectuation principles and effectuation theory of entrepreneurship. The model is different from the existing utilitarian models. The model signifies the importance of nation-building and family orientation to pursue an entrepreneurial journey. The efficacy of the model has been tested on a sample of 500 young participants (men and women) during the Entrepreneurship Programs. Effectuation and Pre-effectuation have been tested on a sample of 500 participants (including both men and women), and Nation-building and Family orientation is tested amongst the sample of women only. The paper reveals the impact of entrepreneurial mindset training and coaching in Karachi and Faisalabad. For the efficacy of the indigenous entrepreneurship model, the research paper presents the sample case studies. Humanity Publications Associate Professor & Program Director, Center for Entrepreneurial Development (CED), Institute of Business Administration (IBA), Karachi, Pakistan. Researcher & Coordinator, Center for Entrepreneurial Development (CED), Institute of Business Administration (IBA), Karachi, Pakistan. Researcher & Case Writer, Center for Entrepreneurial Development (CED), Institute of Business Administration (IBA), Karachi, Pakistan. 2019-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/administration-of-the-indigenous-entrepreneurship-model-on-a-sample-of-young-entrepreneurs https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Regional Politics in Economic Perspective: A Case Study of Shanghai Cooperation Organization Neelofar Ihsan Sana Ullah Hina Malik Regionalism Regional Politics SCO Economic Cooperation Regional Development China Russia and CARs This modern world cannot be encountered alone; therefore, states are preferring to involve in regional blocs. This is the century of trade and commerce. This is the era of economic development. It is due to regionalism in politics that SCO formed in the last decade of the 20th century with the initial name of Shanghai five with the purpose of the economic integration of Central Asian Republics. CARs were facing serious economic depression, and ethnic diversity in these states made the situation worse. Islamic fundamentalism was also posing a challenge to the ruling authorities in this whole region. On the other hand, the US wants to access the energy recourses of Central Asia. Although SCO members have a common interest in the exploitation of energy resources, expansion and improvement of transportation, expansion of trade links will move further towards the formation of a common economic market. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/regional-politics-in-economic-perspective-a-case-study-of-shanghai-cooperation-organization https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Determinants of Industrial Sector Growth in Pakistan Mujib Ur Rahman Amtul Hafeez Wisal Ahmad Industrial Growth ARDL ADF Economic Growth A strong industrial sector shows greater economic growth. To find industrial growth, this study hereby made an attempt. Time series data is used. Data is obtained from the years 1984 to 2018. The stationarity of the series is checked through Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF). Moreover, the ARDL approach is used to check short and long-run estimation of the model, estimating the determinants of the industrial sector growth in Pakistan. A long-run positive and significant associations between External debt (% of GDP), GDP (Annual Growth), FDI, Remittances (% of GDP) is identified, while trade has a negative effect on industrial growth. The factor remittances have an insignificant but positive influence on the industrial sector growth. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/determinants-of-industrial-sector-growth-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Ideological Partisan of Political Parties and Reforms in Education: A Study of Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf Government in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2013-18) Ayaz Ali Shah Sheraz Khan Iftikhar Ali Political Parties Reforms Education PTI KP This paper is about the linkage between party's ideological orientation and subsequent education reforms once they come into government after winning elections by taking Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a case study. It was found that though the improvement was made in certain aspects of education like budgetary allocation, erection of monitoring mechanisms and healthy up rise movement in enrolment. However, they were found wanting on one crucial front: reforms in textbooks and curriculum. Certain changes were made at the cost of others that came under criticism from some segment of society which again led to the Islamization of curriculum. The province had long struggled to make some healthy changes in the books by the previous government, but all this was revised by the incumbent government. Data was collected through secondary sources by consulting books, research paper, reports and newspaper articles. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Meezan College of Education, Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Government High School Ghala Dher Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/ideological-partisan-of-political-parties-and-reforms-in-education-a-study-of-pakistan-tehreek-e-insaf-government-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-201318 https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Risk Mitigation in an Interest Free and Non- Speculative Financial System: A Critical Review and Regulatory Framework for Shari'ah Compliant Risk Management Qazi Sikandar Hayat Muhammad Sohail Alam Khan Brekhna Gul Risk Mitigation in Islamic Banks Unique Risks of Islamic Banks Rate of Return Risk Legal This paper critically and systematically reviews previous literature on Risk Mitigation in an interest free banking system. The paper, through a study of literature,identifies different forms of risks that are general to all financial institutions and are largely systematic. The review highlights unique risks and unique risk management practices which are specific to Islamic Banking and Financial system. The review enables us by highlighting the importance of the Islamic financial system in the form of real economic activity it performs, unlike the conventional financial system. The Islamic banking system does not permit the use of conventional risk management practices and therefore require risk mitigation practices that are distinctive and particular to Islamic Financial Institutions. A conceptual framework is proposed based on the review of literature proposing three main regulatory variables comprising of Shari'ah Compliant Prudent investing, financing and transactions, Separate Advisory of Scholars and, Integrated Accounting, Auditing and Financial Systems. All these three variables,when implemented, results inadequate capital for absorbing risks,Shari'ah Compliant business practices and monitoring and,identification and controlling of risk factors. This leads to managing unique risks particular to Islamic Financial System through policies and regulations, resulting in sustained profits of the business by avoiding adverse effects on institutions, thus ensuring long term stability and growth. Furthermore, methodology and directions for future research are discussed. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/risk-mitigation-in-an-interest-free-and-non-speculative-financial-system-a-critical-review-and-regulatory-framework-for-shariah-compliant-risk-manageme https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-III).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 3 Pakistan

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A Review on Fear Appeals in Social Marketing: Setting Future Research Agenda Farooq Ahmad Syed Ali Raza Hamid Muhammad Nawaz Qaisar Social Marketing Behavioral Changes Fear Appeals Participatory Paradigm Group-Centered Approaches In marketing as well as in social marketing communication, fear appeals have been used as persuasive tools to influence behavior change and have extensively been used for various behavioral change programs. A comprehensive literature review was conducted related to fear appeals in the domain of social marketing from scientific journals of repute. Such type of systematic literature review on fear appeals in social marketing has not been extensively conducted to set future research to set agenda for bringing sustained behavior changes. Although fear appeals have influenced behavior changes, they were not being proved effective for a longer period. The group centered approaches using the group as a unit of analysis has shown better results as compared to one-way communication based on emotional fear appeals. This research paper sets an agenda for future research using group centered and participatory paradigm to make fear appeals more effective in the long run. Humanity Publications Visiting Faculty, Department of Management Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences, Hamdard University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan. Independent Scholar, 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/A-Review-on-Fear-Appeals-in-Social-Marketing:-Setting-Future-Research-Agenda https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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HRM Practices Enhancing Research Performance Mudassar Mushtaq Sajida Parveen Ayesha Ch. Investigation PERFMNC; HR PRCTICS; higher educational ozonisations; Academics; elements. This paper surveys the writing on investigation PERFMNC by the attention over HR practices (PRCTICS). Deliberation is synchronized toward explicit associates that influence extraordinary investigation performance (PERFMNC) by establishments of progressive learning. Just before reply the investigation, query a comprehensive investigation of previous investigation considers is managed. This examination gives an explanation of explicit HR PRCTICS that influences particular study profitability as well as leads to discover greatness. HR PRCTICS are ordered keenly on the ability refining, motivation advancement as well as prospect–refining PRCTICS aimed at study focused effort. Outcomes reflect the mentions of previous investigations toward investigation elements of study PERFMNC in a perplexing besides secondary method also expose a specific plan of HR PERFMNC that authorize in the direction of transform specific qualities into PERFMNC. Establishments of advanced learning may use the findings sufficiently smearing HR workings at improving examination PERFMNC. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, National College Of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Govt. College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/hrm-practices-enhancing-research-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Foreign Debt and Debt Servicing Relief Effect Implications in Pakistan: A Poverty Reduction Strategy Muhammad Shahid Mahmood Shah Bibi Aisha Sadiqa ARDL Approach Poverty Reduction; External debt; Relief in Debt Servicing; FDI; Pakistan. The study interrogates the critical thresh hold limit of the external debt where the highly indebted economy becomes hanged and stagnant, pushes the economy towards. deeper poverty even below the poverty line. The other horizon aspect of relief in debt servicing is attributed to American and Russian war of 80s and war on the terror against Afghanistan after 9/11 forced the debt issuing agencies like Paris and Non-Paris Club and other lending aliened countries rescheduled and cut down debt servicing of Pakistan. This study examined the foreign debt effect on poverty by assuming dataset over the period from 1984 to 2017. The ARDL to co integration Approach was applied to get the findings that after debt thresh hold limit and debt overhang point, the foreign debt causes poverty in case of Pakistan. The other dimension if relief in debt servicing is provided this economic action depressed poverty. Humanity Publications Head of Department Economics, Govt. Post Graduate College Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Chairman Department of Economics, Gomal University D.I Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Foreign-Debt-and-Debt-Servicing-Relief-Effect-Implications-in-Pakistan-A-Poverty-Reduction-Strategy https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Linking Non-Performing Loans with Organizational Performance: Evidence from Banking Sector of Pakistan Amna Sana Mohammad Fayaz Rahman Ullah Non-Performing Loans Deposit to Total Assets Liability to Total Assets Bank Size Bank Profitability The contemporary study explored the impacts of nonperforming loans on banks profitability. In order to find the effects of non-performing loans on bank profitability, the study included controlled variables as deposit to total assets, liability to total assets and size of the bank. The study population comprises of Pakistani commercial banks. The study sample is made up of 10 years of data from 2006 to 2015. By testing the hypotheses, diverse econometric tests corresponding correlation, ordinary least square regression and autoregressive model were applied. The study originated a negative and significant association of non-performing loans on bank profitability. Deposit to total assets have positive, however insignificant association with bank profitability (return on asset, return on equity). Liability to total assets has negative significant relation with bank profitability. In the same way, the study also established a positive and significant relationship of the size of the bank and banks profitability. The study also found that NPLs is negatively associated with share prices. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University D.I. Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, IBMS, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/linking-nonperforming-loans-with-organizational-performance-evidence-from-banking-sector-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Energy Security- A Threat Assessment for Pakistan Salma Malik Shabana Fayyaz Energy Security Pakistan South Asia Nonrenewable Resources Security and provision of energy are the cornerstone of any country sustainable development as well as the main drivers for economic and industrial growth. Countries, whether developed or developing, remain heavily reliant on energy resources, and energy security is gaining critical primacy for all concerned. Faced with a severe energy crisis for a long time, Pakistan has had to rely on oil-based expensive energy mix widening demand-supply gap, lack of integrated energy strategy and poor energy governance, despite being endowed with immense hydro, wind and solar energy potential. This study attempts to map Pakistan vulnerability to the impacts and challenges pertaining to energy security that constrains its socio-economic development and stability. It further explores the need to involve local community and business sector in formulating adaptation strategies and bridging policy-practice gaps to restructure energy policy and systems by shifting energy mix in favour of renewables and improving energy governance. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Defence & Strategic Studies (DSS), Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Defence & Strategic Studies (DSS), Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/energy-security-a-threat-assessment-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Islamic Hospitality in Pakistani Hotels: Identifying the Product and Services Mohammad Alam Shakir Ullah Zia Ullah Islamicity Islamic Hotel Niche Market Priority Items Halalicity Hotel industry in Pakistan is still in the development stages, the laws and regulations are first formulated 40 years ago, need to be updated and enforced. The changes in the hospitality industry is rapidly evolving and recently Muslim tourism ecosystem is adopted in many Muslim and non-Muslim countries. This adaptation must be according to the market trends, hotelier acceptance and aligned to OIC directives. The data was collected from 202 TTH experts to analyze the awareness, attitude and acceptance of the concept of Islamic hotel in Pakistan. The idea of Islamic hotel was acknowledged by the experts during the current studies in Pakistan but needs further awareness at industry level to understand the product and services of this new niche market. The experts also analyzed “25”, categorized in to three priority level as mandatory, optional and add-on for the potential Islamic hotels in Pakistan. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Archaeology, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/islamic-hospitality-in-pakistani-hotels-identifying-the-product-and-services https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfer on Child Nutrition in Pakistan: Evidence from Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) Ghulam Mustafa Amanat Ali Nasir Iqbal Cash Transfer BISP Child Nutrition RDD Household Fixed Effect The prevalence of impaired growth of children has been an immensely painful phenomenon in developing countries. The core reasons behind impaired growth among children are the prevalence of inadequate nutrition intakes. BISP cash transfer has a long-run objective to ensure the nutritional status of the beneficiaries. Therefore, the prime objective of the study is to evaluate the effects of BISP on child nutrition (less than five years) by using the four waves of the household surveys conducted by Oxford Policy Management (OPM) to document the BISP impact evaluation. The results of RDD estimation indicate that cash transfer has positive and significant effects on child nutrition. Likewise, we also employed the household fixed-effect model. The findings also authenticate the results of RDD. Further results highlight that BISP has more significant and positive impacts on male children's nutrition than the beneficiaries' female children. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-unconditional-cash-transfer-on-child-nutrition-in-pakistan-evidence-from-benazir-income-support-program-bisp https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Effect of Ownership on Firm Performance in Selected G-20 Countries Across the Development Spectrum. Yusuf Amin Syed Imran Khan Noor Hassan Firm Performance; State Ownership; Development Spectrum; Leverage This study investigates the effect of ownership on firm performance of state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises in elected G20 countries and across the development spectrum. Annual financial and accounting data from the period 2011-2015 are compiled for 252, state-owned and 6503, non-state-owned enterprises. The empirical results show that state ownership and firm performance are negatively associated with selected G-20countries. This is also confirmed when countries are considered with respect to their level of development except for High-Income countries. The poor performance of state-owned enterprises in less developed countries can be justified by the argument that state-owned enterprises suffer from the intervention of self-oriented politicians, which leads to lower-than-expected performance. Humanity Publications PhD. Scholar, Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, North Cyprus. Lecturer, IBL, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Timergara Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/effect-of-ownership-on-firm-performance-in-selected-g20-countries-across-the-development-spectrum https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Socio-Economic Significance of CPEC Prospects of Intra and Inter-Region Coop and Challenges Misbah Zahid Zargham Ullah Khan Qurrat Ull Ann Javaid Corridor CPEC Economy The development of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor is one of the most important developments for the economy and as well as for the development of the infrastructure. In the last four decades, Sustainable growth and development in China have assigned her a special status in the world's economy. The financial crisis of the year 2007-08, adversely affect the world, but these crises helped to strengthen the Chinese economy and also increase the importance of China in global. CPEC is considered as a game-changer in the continent. The scholars and analyst play a significant role in analyzing the effect of its social and economic prospects. In this paper, the effect of CPEC is studied on the changing financial conditions by collecting primary data through questionnaire. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Government Post Graduate Islamia College for Women, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/socioeconomic-significance-of-cpec-prospects-of-intra-and-interregion-coop-and-challenges https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Economic Determinants of Inflows of FDI in Pakistan Mujib Ur Rahman Wisal Ahmad Muhammad Faizan Malik Foreign Direct Investment; Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model GDP An attempt is made in this study to determine the major indicators of the inflow of FDI into Pakistan economy. Data from the time period 1985 to 2019 was used in this research. The level of stationary was checked through Augmented Dickey Fuller and Philips Perron tests. Using the analysis of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), it is identified that GDP, Inflation, Annual Average Exchange Rate and population Growth have a positive (significant) effect on FDI. Moreover, the empirical results also identified a negative but significant effect of financial development on FDI. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/economic-determinants-of-inflows-of-fdi-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Effectiveness of Restrictive Migration Policies: Evidence from Liberal Democracies Ayaz Ali Shah Sheraz Khan Iftikhar Ali Restrictive Migration Policies Liberal Democracies There has been an increased quest for more restrictive policies to control migration in liberal democracies. As migrants are perceived to pose security threats as well as grab job opportunities from locals, this has resulted in developing a nativist stance. However, the effectiveness of these policies has always been a question of debate in academic circles. Despite the erection of restrictive migration policies, migration has kept on going up. This article tries to explore those reasons. In the first place, liberal traditions in democracies where fundamental rights are never compromised and where the judiciary plays the role of the watchman on executive authorities have not allowed the governments to enforce these policies in their entirety. On many occasion, even these policies have been declared void by the judges. The role of civil society and NGOs in these countries has also worked to the advantage of migrants against the government. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Meezan College of Education, Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Government High School Ghala, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-effectiveness-of-restrictive-migration-policies-evidence-from-liberal-democracies https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Relationship between Conflict Management Styles and Job Performance at College Level Aroona Hashmi Fasiha Altaf Tanvir Kiyani Conflict management styles Job performance College level Objective of the present study was to investigate relationship between conflict management styles and teachers' job performance at college level. Study was quantitative in nature and correlation research design was used to find out relationship between the variables. Population of the study was comprised of all the college teachers in district Lahore. Sample was selected on convenient basis, where 100 male and 100 female college teachers were selected as a sample. Two survey questionnaires were used in this study to collect data. One instrument was based on conflict management styles. Reliability of conflict management styles was .87 and job performance .77 respectively. Findings of the study concluded that there was significant strong positive correlation found between conflict management styles and teachers' job performance at college level. It was revealed that there was significant difference of male and female college teachers' perceptions found regarding conflict management styles and teachers' job performance. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Researcher 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/relationship-between-conflict-management-styles-and-job-performance-at-college-level https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Relationship between CEO Characteristics & External Auditing Quality: A Longitudinal Assessment Ashfaque Ali Banbhan Khalid Hussain Abbasi Farheen Qasim Nizamani Chief Executive Officer Corporate Governance Earnings Management Quality Audit All publicly-traded companies are required by law to disclose their accurate financial information in order to reduce information asymmetries. This study focuses quantitatively on the impact of top management on the quality of corporate audits. Using company financial data, this study found that there is a positive correlation between highquality audits and company performance, as a higher quality audit can ensure rigorous follow-up to financial reports. This study also broadens the understanding of a higher-level manager in the presence of a quality audit. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Commerce, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Laar Campus at Badin, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-relationship-between-ceo-characteristics-external-auditing-quality-a-longitudinal-assessment https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Asymmetric Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks on Output Growth: Evidence from Nonlinear ARDL and Hatemi-J Causality Tests Farhan Javed Muhammad Sohail Alam Khan Brekhna Gul Monetary Policy Shocks Output Growth Nonlinear ARDL Hatemi-J Causality Tests Previous studies relied on asymmetric or a linear approach while considering the output response of monetary policy shocks. However, empirical results based on the symmetric approach tend to have masked the true effects of monetary policy shocks. The present study, therefore, aims to probe the asymmetric impact of monetary policy shocks on the output growth of selected developing economies. The empirical results indicate significant evidence of asymmetric effect both in the short run and in the long in almost all countries. Furthermore,compared to contractionary monetary policy, the findings indicate that expansionary monetary policy shocks have a more profound impact on output growth. The asymmetry between monetary policy shocks and output response tends to have implications for the effectiveness of the economic policy, in particular in developing economies.Thus, it is recommended to consider these asymmetries while evaluating the impact of monetary policy on economic growth Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business % Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business % Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/asymmetric-effects-of-monetary-policy-shocks-on-output-growth-evidence-from-nonlinear-ardl-and-hatemij-causality-tests https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2019(IV-IV).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 4, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Estimation of Consumption Function for Developing Economies: China, Turkey, Vietnam and Bangladesh Saima Liaqat Marguerite Wotto Khalid Khan Consumption Wealth Income Interest This study analyses the determinants of consumption function for four countries: China and Turkey as Upper Middle-Income Economies (UMIE); Bangladesh and Vietnam as Lower Middle-Income Economies (LMIE). It used a model based on the ARDL technique to analyze the time series data for the period of 1985- 2018. The results reveal that wealth and labor income have a similar impact on consumption in UMIE and LMIE since they affect significantly and positively aggregate consumption. Unemployment and real interest rates have an analogous result for UMIE while assorted results LMIE. The real interest rate harms RPAC as evidence of income effect. However, the short-term wealth and real GDP positively affect real RPAC whereas the unemployment rate and real interest rate negatively affect aggregate real private consumption of the selected economies. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Department of Economics,University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Associate Professor,Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Canada. Associate Professor,Department of Economics,University of Agriculture, Water and MarineSciences, Uthal, Balochistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Estimation-of-Consumption-Function-for-Developing-Economies:-China,-Turkey,-Vietnam-and-Bangladesh https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Performance of Agriculture Sector in Foreign Trade of Pakistan Gulzar Ali Ghulam Mustafa Said Zamin Shah Agriculture Sector Foreign Trade ARDL Approach. The vigorous and dynamic expansion and technical progression of the agriculture productivity pave the way to considerable achievements in providing raw materials to the industrial sector and fulfilling domestic demand. The agriculture sector has an imperative role in poverty reduction, growth, increased employment opportunities and increasing foreign exchange reserves through exportable agricultural products. In short, agriculture is the backbone of economic stability and development in the country. This study is an attempt to investigate the performance of the agriculture sector and its impact on Pakistans foreign trade. The findings of the study revealed the affirmative and noteworthy role of the agriculture sector in the foreign trade of Pakistan during 1980-2017. The policymakers and government of Pakistan should encourage private and public investors for agriculture investment to enhance the production and agricultural exports. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of Economics,Uni of Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Economics and Business Administration,University of Education, Lower Mall, Road Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Economics,Uni of Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Performance-of-Agriculture-Sector-in-Foreign-Trade-of-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth: A Time-Series Study on Pakistan Raza Muhammad khan Sohail Farooq Muhammad Akram Gilal Economic Growth Electricity Usage Industrialization. In Socio-Economic development, the role of energy is very crucial, and often its consumption indicates the level of economic development and is considered as a vital ingredient of sustainable economic growth. Electricity as a key input variable plays a supreme role in the process of industrialization (IND), Economic growth (GDP) as well as technological progress (TEC) of a country. By utilizing time-series data from 1975 up to 2017, the study attempted to examine the nexus between EC and GDP of Pakistan in the Cobb Douglas production function framework. The study results reveal that EC, labor force, capital stocks, and technology, have positively and significantly affect Pakistans GDP growth. The study concluded and recommended that economic performance cannot be improved in the absence of continuous usage of electricity. Therefore, to achieve the desired economic growth path, uninterrupted electricity consumption is pivotal. Humanity Publications Teaching Asistant, Department of Economics,Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Economics,Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor,Department of Economics,University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Electricity-Consumption-and-Economic-Growth-A-Time-Series-Study-on-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Combating Corruption through Institutional Reforms to Strengthen Economy and Governance: Evidence from Pakistan Muhammad Mussa Khan Riaz Ahmad Accountability Corruption Developing countries Pakistan Reforms Transparency This article presents a case study of Pakistan with a special focus on the institutional reforms of the newly elected government brought within a short period of time. The study identifies and evaluates only the major reforms in several ministries and departments. The data of this case study is evaluated with the content analysis approach. Findings reveal that a record number of reforms have been introduced in FBR, NAB and Ministry of Interior. Local governments and major government institutions were given additional authority and autonomy which resulted in the decrease of corruption, terrorism and politicization. Findings also confirm considerable changes in e-governance with the launch of technological tools and techniques that eventually facilitated the public and modernized governance. Apart from that, the PM Imran Khan conveyed a positive image of the country to the international community which increased tourism to a greater extent. The findings of this study are significant and pertinent to complementary future scholarship and practice. Humanity Publications Research Scholar,School of Public Affairs,Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China. Assistant Professor,School of Public Policy and Administration,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Beilin City, China. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Combating-Corruption-through-Institutional-Reforms-to-Strengthen-Economy-and-Governance:-Evidence-from-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Womens Education and Empowerment in Islamabad, Pakistan Sarfraz Khan Syed Imran Haider Saadia Education Gender Islamabad University Graduates University Teachers Women's Empowerment Pakistan The present research study was conducted in two public sector universities in Islamabad, Pakistan to explore the relationship between womens education and empowerment. In this research we have looked at the five major dimensions of the womens empowerment in conjunction with education i.e. (1) freedom of movement, (2) economic activism, familial and social affairs (3) freedom from domination and support by the family, (4) decision-making in daily life, and (5) political participation and community engagement. The data was collected from 30 female respondents (15 university teachers and 15 recently passed-out university graduates). The selection of the respondents was made through purposive sampling but with a special inclusion criterion. Based on the research findings, we can suggest that higher levels of education could positively be associated with the higher levels of womens empowerment. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of Sociology,Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Sociology,Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar,Department of Development Studies,Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Womens-Education-and-Empowerment-in-Islamabad-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Capital Inflows on Domestic Investment: Evidence from Panel Data Mansoor Mushtaq Sania Shaheen Irfan Hussain Khan Capital Inflows Domestic Investment Foreign Direct Investment Investment significance in any country cannot be ignored for its direct and indirect influences on the growth rate of the economy. Foreign capital inflows are one of the major determinants of domestic private investment. Hence, this study analyzes the effect of two kinds of foreign capital inflows, i.e. inward foreign direct investment and inward foreign remittances on domestic investment covering a sample of five South Asian economies from 1976 to 2017. The findings of the study reveal that both types of capital inflows raise the domestic investment and the role of remaining variables on investment is also positive and significant. The study recommended that steps should be undertaken to increase these foreign capital inflows to raise the domestic investment in these countries. Humanity Publications Lecturer,Department FAST School of Management,FAST School of Management, National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan PhD Scholar, International Institute of Islamic Economics (IIIE),International Islamic University, IIUI, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar,Economics Department,Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Impact-of-Capital-Inflows-on-Domestic-Investment-Evidence-from-Panel-Data https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Credit Risk and Profitability of Commercial Banks in Pakistan Sohail Farooq Raza Muhammad Khan Muhammad Akram Gilal Economic Growth Corruption Credit risk in the credit portfolio of financial institutions has dented their profitability. This study examines the relationship between credit risk and profitability of commercial banks in Pakistan. For this purpose three performance measuresROA, ROE, and NIM are used by the study. To test the relationship and impact over the period 2006-2015 the study involved 28 commercial banks. During the period under investigation, the findings of the study reveal that credit risk, represented by loan loss provisions, has a meaningful effect on the profitability measures. The findings provide exciting insights into the influence of credit risk, besides other variables in the study, on the selected commercial banks profitability inside Pakistan, for bank managers, and foremost for policymakers. The study also has policy relevance in the form of providing policymakers sufficient evidence related to the presence of credit risk in the loan portfolio of the banking sector and the ways to overcome this chronic problem. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of Economics,Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Teaching Assistant,Department of Economics,Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor,Department of Economics,University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Credit-Risk-and-Profitability-of-Commercial-Banks-in-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effects of Organizational Characteristics on QUAL Prevalence and its Implementation in Business Schools of Pakistan Mudassar Mushtaq Ayesha Ch Sajida Parveen Organizational Characteristics Type of Organization size of the Organization Tuition fees and QUAL Prevalence. An organizational characteristic plays a vital role in ensuring QUAL prevalence in any institution. The investigation is conducted to comprehend the association among the concepts. The secondary data was used for analysis, and data was gathered from different websites. There are thirty business schools in Punjab and the information of these institutions is gathered from their official websites. The gathered information was analyzed by using SPSS. Organizational characteristics include the types of organization (private or govt.), size of the organization (Large or small), and tuition fees and the dependent variable (response to implement QUAL measures). The conclusion is drawn based on results that response to the implementation of QUAL measure is strongly associated with the type of organization. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration,National College Of Business Administration & Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor,Department of Sociology,Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer,Department of Sociology,Govt. College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Effects-of-Organizational-Characteristics-on-QUAL-Prevalence-and-its-Implementation-in-Business-Schools-of-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Emerging Markets and Volatility Spillover Effects: Empirical Evidence from Regional Emerging Economies of Pakistan, China, India, and Bangladesh Kashif Hamid Muhammad Mudasar Ghafoor Muhammad Yasir Saeed Emerging Markets. Volatility Spillover Effects Multivariate GARCH Models Emerging markets and volatility spillover effects remained a highly focused area in the field of financial economics. Therefore, we have empirically testified the volatility spillover effects between markets of emerging economies i.e Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, and India during the period from 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2015. We used Multivariate GARCH and causality models to identify the spillover effects. It is concluded that there exists significant evidence of spillover effect from the market of Pakistan to India, India to China and from China to Pakistan. However, the larger negative shift in the volatility occurs more frequently than positive shocks. Hence it is concluded that the impact of own spillovers of the markets is much higher than the impact of cross-market spillovers during this period. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Jhelum Campus, Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Emerging-Markets-and-Volatility-Spillover-Effects-Empirical-Evidence-from-Regional-Emerging-Economies-of-Pakistan-China-India-and-Bangladesh https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Quantitative Analysis of Microfinance to Eradicate Poverty Sikander Hussain Soomro Parveen Shah Muhammad Saleem Rahpoto Microfinance Business Development Revenue Employment Socioeconomic Development Microfinance is considered an important financial instrument to generate income. The study has focused to ascertain the effect of microfinance on poverty eradication. For this purpose, the random sampling method has been adopted and primary data from 368 respondents has been collected from the two main districts of Sindh, Pakistan. Two different statistical tools have been used to analyze the data. Simple independent t-test has been used for the analysis of the variance in variables (i.e. livelihood, business development, income, and employment) before and after the involvements of microfinance in the business activity of respondents and linear regression test used to find out the relation between the dependent variable (i.e. microfinance) and independent variable (i.e. livelihood, business development, income, and employment). It has been ascertained the p<0.005 and r=0.78 the values show the strong relationship between the dependent and independent variables and as well as microfinance facility has a positive effect on poverty alleviation. Humanity Publications Professor, Department of Economics, Khairpur University, Sind, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Economics, Khairpur University, Sindh, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Economics, Khairpur University, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/A-Quantitative-Analysis-of-Microfinance-to-Eradicate-Poverty https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Decision between Public Investment and Public Consumption: A Policy Analysis Muhammad Raashid Abdul Saboor Aneela Afzal Fiscal Policy Analysis Public Investment Consumption DSGE model. This study aims to draw a policy decision between public investment and public consumption by designing a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model for the economy of Pakistan which is experiencing persistent shocks that have stressed the growth pattern. The DSGE model has a microeconomic foundation and justifies locus critics by envisioning an artificial economy. The model is evaluated and set to best fit for data through an exercise of moment matching. Government consumption shocks and Government Investment shocks are used to trace out the behaviour of the economy. The analysis confirms that Pakistan economy could go for capital formation through public investment but it results in compromised public consumption and structural unemployment. It is further concluded that the export base and long-run public investment programs are needed to achieve sustainable development in the economy. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Decision-between-Public-Investment-and-Public-Consumption-A-Policy-Analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Inflation, Globalization and Interest Rate Nexus to Curb Price volatility: An Empirical Cross-Country Analysis Arshi Shahid Hafiz Khalil Ahmad Saima Liaqat Globalization Inflation Monetary Policy Output Gap The aim of the present study is to investigate the long run impact of monetary policy and globalization on inflation in the selected South and South East Asian countries. The study measures the impact of monetary policy variables on inflation, ignoring random shocks as these are considered fewer fractions for the inconsistency of the policy instruments. Two exclusive dimensions, defacto and dejure measure of globalization, are taken into account. The study also employed Hodrick Prescott filter to calculate the domestic output gap in order to assess that still changes in domestic output gap is relevant to inflation variation. It employed structural modeling dynamic heterogeneous Panel data estimation technique, which accounts for endogeneity and serial correlation issues. The results of the study confirm that both global and domestic factors have significant and descriptive power for domestic inflation and interest rate is found to be a best nominal anchor to effect inflation. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Economics, Govt. College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Lahore College for women university, Jhang Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/inflation-globalization-and-interest-rate-nexus-to-curb-price-volatility-an-empirical-crosscountry-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Concept of Symmetry and Asymmetry in Federalism with a brief sketch of Economic Federalism Muhammad Tariq Symmetry Asymmetry Federalism Centrifugal Centripetal Economics Asymmetrical federalism is an important concept in the constitutions of Belgium, Canada, Germany and India. This concept has recently given way to a much more sustained intellectual inquiry of philosophical, theoretical, and empirical foundations. It incorporates two different connotations; to some it signifies a positive instrument designed to strengthen the federal values while to others, it carries the meaning of threat and danger to the stability of the state. In symmetry each state is a miniature reflection of the whole political system, the question of differences on any major issue does not arise. Since there is always an equal representation of the states in the spheres of the government, it does not allow any room for special social, economic, or political privileges. The paper also dilates on economic federalism under centralized and decentralized forms within the parameters of three constitutional indicators. Humanity Publications School Teacher, Elementary & Secondary Education Department District Mardan, KP, Pakistan 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-concept-of-symmetry-and-asymmetry-in-federalism-with-a-brief-sketch-of-economic-federalism https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Our Current Misunderstanding of COVID-19 and the Valid Approach to Research: Should We Reopen the World Economy? Robert C Sinclair Rajeev Kumar COVID-19 World Economy Re-opening Infection Rates Random Sample Testing The study addresses issues related to the current epidemiological models being used to address the COVID-19 pandemic, and suggests the “curve” is a nebulous fairy tale. Furthermore, I argue that these models are based on invalid data and flawed assumptions. For example, epidemiologists are using a number of positive cases, identified in systematic data collection manners (e.g., primarily testing frontline workers and symptomatic people), as proxy measures for infection rate: I suggest that random sample testing, proportional to population density, would provide an exact measure of infection rate. Finally, I argue that we are not in a position to reopen the world economy until we have these data, we now need a twopronged approach through which we conduct random sample testing for both COVID-19 and COVID-19 antibodies, and that we are about to live in a new world in which physical distancing will be the norm. Humanity Publications Professor/Consultant, Sinclair & Associates Consulting, 1614 Jane Street, North Bay, Canada. (bob.sinclair76@gmail.com) Master of Technology and Computer Science, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, India. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/our-current-misunderstanding-of-covid19-and-the-valid-approach-to-research-should-we-reopen-the-world-economy https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Epilepsy Care in Traditional and Professional Health Care Economy Saba Sattar Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry Health Economics Anthropological Economics Stigma Treatment Epilepsy is regarded as a superstitious phenomenon in various cultures of the world. Because of these superstitious convictions, the infected families try other methods to cure epilepsy rather than medical treatment. The study was conducted in Rawalpindi from November 2018 to February 2019. The survey method was used to gather indepth data from 40 patients with epilepsy. Data were analyzed by using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25. There are two segments in the society that essentially related to the treatment of the epileptic sufferers; one is biomedicine and the other is ethno medicine. At the end of the findings, it became clear that patients in the community sought help from both segments. Stigma about the epileptic patients is widely prevalent in the society which may lead to seeking different treatments of patients by their families. It depends on people choice which treatment they like. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/epilepsy-care-traditional-and-professional-health-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Correlates and Constraints of Effective Agricultural Loan Repayment in Cameroon Mbu Daniel Tambi Correlates Constraints Effective Agricultural Loan Repayment Cameroon This study has been carried out with the objective of examining the factors influencing effective agricultural loan repayment in MFIs and constraints associated with agricultural loan acquisition in West region, Cameroon. From primary surveyed data, a probit model was used to analyze the result. We observed that farm production, training, size of farmland; male household head, married head, interest rate and the loan duration are strongly correlating with agricultural loan repayment. Inadequate agricultural funds, much expenditure on farm competition and improper interference of the third party in the decision of loan approval are the constraints associated with agricultural loan. We suggest that, the decision makers should create more specialized structures in charge of agricultural loan as well as reduce the rate of interest. This is a wise step, towards food security and increase family welfare and improved job market. Humanity Publications Department of Agricultural Economics; University of Dschang, Cameroon. Department of Agricultural Economics; University of Dschang, Cameroon. Department of Agricultural Economics; University of Dschang, Cameroon. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/correlates-and-constraints-of-effective-agricultural-loan-repayment-in-cameroon https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Relationship of Total Quality Management with Knowledge Management and Organizational Culture Muhammad Adnan Maqbool Mahr Muhammad Saeed Akhtar Knowledge Management Organizational Culture TQM Higher Education The study is an empirical exploration into TQM practices in Pakistani higher education with a focus on determining relationship between the variables: Knowledge Management (KM) and Organizational Culture (OC) in the context of higher education in Pakistan. It employed a quantitative paradigm to the investigation with correlational design. All the university teachers comprised the population of this study. Six public sector universities of Punjab were randomly selected. The results of the analysis showed all the three variables summed mean as 3.41, 3.3, 3.5 respectively all indicating a minor level of the presence of the TQM practices. OC showed relatively higher favorable response. The inferential statistics revealed that the relationship between OC and KM was positive, moderate and statistically significant (r=.491, p<.05). Demographical variables included respondents' gender, qualification, experience. Gender and Qualification was found to have no influence on KM and OC, while experience showed significant effect on the two variables. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Educational Research and Evaluation, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/relationship-of-total-quality-management-with-knowledge-management-and-organizational-culture https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Socio-Economic Correlates of Children's Nutritional Status: Evidence from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 Muhammad Shahid Inam Ullah Leghari Farooq Ahmed Binary Logistic Model CIAF Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey Wealth Index Nutrition status is an important indicator of child health. This study estimates the effect of socioeconomic determinants on children's nutritional status of under five years of age. We apply the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) in our empirical analysis as a proxy measure to denote the malnutrition measurement index, and a binary logistic regression model using PDHS dataset for 2017-18. The logistic regression model inspects the probability of malnutrition among children. The result demonstrates that the age of children, education and employment status of mothers, BMI of mothers, assets owned by mothers, tetanus vaccination of mothers, the incidence of diarrhea in children, and household wealth has a significant impact on malnutrition in children. The study concludes that socioeconomic deprivations and inequalities in society play a significant role in determining the health and nutrition of pre-school children. Humanity Publications Health Economist, Department of Health Economics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Nutritional Anthropologist, Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/socioeconomic-correlates-of-children-nutritional-status-evidence-from-pakistan-demographic-and-health-survey-201718 https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Mediating Role of Social Capital and Firm Value Creation in Relationship Among Microcredit, Networking and MSME's Performance in Pakistan Nida Habib Zahid Awan Social Capital Value Creation Microcredit MSME The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of Microfinance Services and Networking relationship on Micro Small and Medium Enterprises Performance with the mediating role of Social capital. This study was a descriptive survey design. The target population was 584,572 MSMEs in the province, and owner-managers of MSMEs were the unit of analysis and were targeted for information because they are likely to be the decision-makers in these businesses and are actively involved in their day to day operations. 356 MSME owner-managers were sampled. Data were obtained through adapted construct and measured from a five-point Likert scale, and interview schedules were used to collect data from the field. Qualitative data analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found that there was a positive effect on MSME performance by Microcredit and Networking with the mediating effect of Social capital. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Director, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/mediating-role-of-social-capital-and-firm-value-creation-in-relationship-among-microcredit-networking-and-msmes-performance-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Comparison with Classification Algorithms in Data Mining of a Fuel Automation System's Sales Data Ilhan Tarimer Buse Cennet Karadag Fuel Station Accuracy Classification Algorithms Sales Data This article deals with Otobil and pumps sales estimates at fuel stations. The fuel station data used in the study consists of 2384 data in total. Depending upon these data, classification procedures were performed on fuel station sales data using classification algorithms. In the study the classification algorithms that J48, Random Forest, KStar, Logistic Regression, IBk and Naive Bayes algorithms are used to compare the sales data estimations by using a software. The results obtained show that the accuracy rates of the J48 algorithm are more successful than others in general. It understands that these sales estimations shall encourage fuel station owners and association bodies to get more gainful. Humanity Publications Department of Information Systems Engineering, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mentese / Mugla, Turkey Department of Information Systems Engineering, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mentese / Mugla, Turkey. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/comparison-with-classification-algorithms-in-data-mining-of-a-fuel-automation-systems-sales-data https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Testing Liquidity Augmented Fama-French Five-Factor Model in Pakistan Stock Exchange Kanwal Haqqani Muhammad Aleem PSX LHS Portfolios RHS Factors Liquidity. This study examines the empirical evaluation of the six-factor asset pricing model that augments the Fama-French (2015) five-factor asset pricing model with liquidity factor. Using data from July 2010 to June 2017 of non-financial firms listed on PSX, a 2x3 sort approach is used to construct six left-hand side portfolios, and a 2x2 approach is used to construct right-hand side factors namely, SMB, HML, RMW, CMA, and IML. Time series regression is used to analyze the data to obtained results. The empirical evidence illustrates that in PSX the six-factor model has efficient and better outcomes. Furthermore, the liquidity factor has a strong role in improving the performance of the asset pricing model. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtaba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/testing-liquidity-augmented-famafrench-fivefactor-model-in-pakistan-stock-exchange https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).21 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Mediating Impact of Financial Statements Window Dressings in Public Listed Companies Based on Corporate Governance Mechanism and Firm Financial Performance Muhammad Anees Khan Aftab Haider Nida Aman Foreign Ownership Managerial Ownership Earnings Multiples This research examined the effects of corporate governance variables (foreign ownership, managerial ownership) on earnings multiples (FFP), and also the ability to earn management to mediate the relationship between corporate governance variables and earnings multiples. In this study, foreign ownership and managerial ownership are independent variables, earnings multiples (developed through PCA method from ROA, ROE and share price) is dependent variable and earnings management is mediating variable. All the relationship between dependent, independent and mediating variables are postulate on renowned agency theory. We estimate the dependent variable, i.e. earnings multiples (developed through PCA method from ROA, ROE and share price) while earning management is measured through modified Jones model, while rest of the data for CG variables are collected from the annual reports of the companies included in the sample. While financial data of earnings multiples and earning, management extracted from DataStream for the corresponding periods. Humanity Publications Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/mediating-impact-of-financial-statements-window-dressings-in-public-listed-companies-based-on-corporate-governance-mechanism-and-firm-financial-perform https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).22 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Determinants of Gross Saving: Evidence from Pakistan Hira Pervez Rashid Khan Gross Savings Inflation Interest Openness to Economy Pakistan The present research examined those factors that affect gross savings in the developing economy of Pakistan. Data from the period of 11 years from 2010 to 2020 was gathered from secondary sources. The study found that the inflation rate has a negative and significant relation with gross savings. It is also found that the interest rate has a negative and significant relation with gross savings. We also found that openness to the economy has a positive and significant relation with gross savings. Implications, discussion and future directions are also highlighted. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, IBMS, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/determinants-of-gross-saving-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).23 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Impact of Emotional Stability, Transformational Leadership and Innovative Behavior on Career Success through Self-Efficacy Syeda Wajiha Kazmi Anjum Bano Kazimi Ghulam Ali Kerio Emotional Stability; Transformational Leadership; Innovative Behavior; Career Success and Self-Efficacy This paper aims to investigate the impact of emotional stability, transformational leadership, and innovative behavior on career success through self-efficacy from food manufacturing firms in Karachi, Pakistan. By following the quantitative approach, a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale was non-randomly disseminated to 304 employees working in food manufacturing industries with a response rate of 96%. Findings revealed that three of the constructs, transformational leadership, emotional stability, and innovative behavior have a positive and significant impact on the career success of employees along with the significant mediating effect of self-efficacy. The study concluded that if an employee puts the maximum effort to achieve the goal and a successful career will lead him to perform more productively, and this will be beneficial for the whole organizationÂ’s development. Humanity Publications Assistant Manager, Department of Research and Communication, IQRA University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, IQRA University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Teachers' Education, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-emotional-stability-transformational-leadership-and-innovative-behavior-on-career-success-through-selfefficacy https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).24 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Analysis of the Employee Behavior on Sales in L'Oreal: A Case Study of Pakistan Zargham Ullah Khan Ujala Siddiq Jaffar Mehmood Butt Pakistan Employee Research L'Oreal This research is carried out to investigate the most important traits of employee behavior. A quantitative approach was employed for this study. Data were collected from 120 participants using an online questionnaire. These participants are active users of Facebook who are residents of Pakistan and currently working on L'Oreal Pakistan, who are at a different position in L'Oreal Pakistan. Statistical analysis, such as binomial regression which is used for qualitative analysis used together with descriptive analysis, was used to 'assess factors affecting employee behavior in L'Oreal Pakistan. The findings of the research show that the independent variable is indicators of leadership and reward has changed the behavioral motivation of company employees and this motivational, behavioral change has a positive impact on sales of L'Oreal Pakistan. This research investigated the factors which industry can use as a tool to change their employee behavior and sales. This will help to gain increasing generous offers and valuable insights to marketing practitioners and academics. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-the-employee-behavior-on-sales-in-loreal-a-case-study-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).25 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Role of Managerial Ability in Firm Investment Opportunities and Performance of Non-Financial Firms: A Moderating Role of Corporate Governance Kamran Nawaz Farzand Ali Jan Syed Kashif Shah Managerial Ability Investment Opportunity Firm Performance NonFinancial OLS Fixed Effect. The current study focused on investigating the influence of management ability on the investment opportunity and firm performance. The managerial ability has a strategic impact on firm performance and value. Secondary data was employed. The study takes 369 non-financial firms as a population of the study and 196 firms as sample size selected randomly. The data was collected from 2008 to 2017. The managerial ability, cash holdings and dividend payout have a significant effect on the firm performance (ROA). Corporate governance has significant effects on the independent variables and ROA. The findings suggested that managerial ability, cash holdings and dividend payout have significant effects on firm investment opportunities (total Q). Corporate governance has positive and significant effects among independent variables and total Q (TTQ). It has been recommended that managers with superior abilities correlate themselves with a better investment opportunity. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Iqra National University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Professor/Vice Chancellor, Department of Management Sciences, Iqra National University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Behria University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-role-of-managerial-ability-in-firm-investment-opportunities-and-performance-of-non-financial-firms-a-moderating-role-of-corporate-governance https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).26 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Factor Enhancing Quality of Life Mujib Ur Rahman Muhammad Asad Wisal Ahmad Quality of Life HDI GDP Gross Capital Formations World Bank An attempt is made in this study to analyze the factors affecting the Quality of Life (QoL). It is difficult to measure the Quality of Life (QoL); hence Human Development Index (HDI) was used as the measure for QoL. Different factors such as standard of living, education, GDP, Gross Capital formations, Urbanizations and Physicians were examined that how these programs, in turn, influenced QoL. Data was collected from World Bank (2019) and UNDP (2019) and examined for 71 United Nations member countries over the period 1990-2019. The results obtained from cross-sectional and panel data approaches suggest that the indicators used in the study significantly enhance the quality of life. The study offers important policy implications. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences and Commerce, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/factor-enhancing-quality-of-life https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).27 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Deliberation of Fraud Triangle Theory: A Comparison among Public and Private Commercial Banks of Sindh, Pakistan Vivek Anand Muhammad Qasim Nizamani Farheen Qasim Nizamani Fraud Triangle Theory Public and Private Commercial Banks Sindh Pakistan The research has been conducted to apply the most fundamental concept of fraud triangle theory, introduced by Donald Cressey's in 1950-53, to private and public commercial banks of Sindh, Pakistan. According to this theory, Donald Cressey identified that when three-component/factor i-e pressure, opportunity, and rationalization, comes into an individual's life, he is very likely to commit fraud. Eight different hypotheses are drawn for this study to test the elements of the fraud triangle in public and private sector banks. The study adopted a primary source of data collection, with a sample size of 600 distributed to respondents of the two largest bank of Pakistan, i-e, the National Bank of Pakistan and Habib Bank Limited. The statistical Mann-Whitney U-Test applied to test the hypotheses. The results of the study disclosed that the employees in public sector banks in Sindh, facing more financial pressure, the internal control of public banks is also week; hence fraudsters find more opportunities to commit fraud and the employees working in public banks also behave rationalization for their illicit activities. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Isra University Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/deliberation-of-fraud-triangle-theory-a-comparison-among-public-and-private-commercial-banks-of-sindh-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).28 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Status of International Labour Standards in Brick Kiln Industry of Pakistan Bisharat Ali Lanjwani Fehmida Aslam Anwar ul Mustafa Shah International Labour Organization Labour Rights Brick Kin Industry Labour Laws This research article attempts to investigate "State of Implementation of International Labour Organization (ILO) Labour Standards in Brick Kiln Industry of Pakistan". Based on qualitative methods, this research/investigation has tried to understand different processes and mechanisms through which the government of Pakistan is fulfilling its international obligation i.e., provision of Core Labour Rights to the workers of brick kiln industry in the country. From all its Conventions, ILO has picked 8 Conventions and grouped them under four most basic human rights as which include Conventions 87 and 98 as "The right to organize and engage in collective bargaining", Conventions 100 and 111 as "The right to equality at work", Conventions 138 and 182 as "The abolition of child labour" and Conventions 29 and 105 as "The abolition of forced labour". To investigate the state of implementation of ILO Labour Standards, six districts were chosen from four provinces of Pakistan. Through focused group discussions and in-depth interviews, data was collected from brick kin workers, brick owners, labour activists, trade unionists, labour lawyers and officials of the labour departments. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/status-of-international-labour-standards-in-brick-kiln-industry-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).29 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Role of Capital structure in financial performance of non-financial sector firms: Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange Hafiz Abdur Rashid Ahmed Raza Bilal Capital Structure Financial Performance Non-Financial Sector This paper looks at financial performance of non-financial sectors of Pakistan concerning capital structure. We gathered data from annual audited financial statements of 152 firms listed at PSX during 2010-2017. To analyze data gathered, we have employed descriptive, correlation and regression analyses techniques. The findings show substantial positive contribution of LTDA in EPS and ROA and significant negative role in NPM and ROE which implies prefer long term debt over short term debt because of less financing cost. STDTA has substantial negative contribution in firms financial performance among all sectors except sugar and communication & technology sectors. TDTA also has negative impact on financial performance of firms among all sectors except automobile sector, which implies that equity financing is preferable over debt financing. These findings validate pecking order theory and recommend preferring internal financing (retained earnings) over external financing. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Superior College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Business & Management Sciences, Superior College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/role-of-capital-structure-in-financial-performance-of-nonfinancial-sector-firms-evidence-from-pakistan-stock-exchange https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Precursors of Pollen Allergies: An Anthropo-Economic Perspective Ghazala Idrees Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry Cultural Economy Nose Redness Itchy Eyes Paper Mulberry Pollen Allergies Twin Cities This explanatory study is intended to determine precursors of pollen allergies, an anthropo-economic perspective. In a nutshell, it deals with how pollen allergy is produced, circulated and dealt with in the setting of twin cities; Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Medically, allergies can be prevented but not cured. The cultural means of prevention and care are always preferred by the needs of the body, health, age and disease accordingly. The word anthropo is inconsistently used in a way human deal socio-culturally with the issue. Objective: The paper attempts to examine some environmental and socio-cultural determinants of pollen allergies in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Materials and Methods: Socio-Economic Survey Form, FGD checklist, interview guide and life histories were prepared to collect data in order to unveil the cultural mythology on pollen allergies. The study reveals that "the livings of pollen patients have seen under the lenses of cultural economy". Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairman/Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/precursors-of-pollen-allergies-an-anthropoeconomic-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Financing Inclusive Growth through FDI: Incorporating the Role of Institutional Quality Muneza Munir Ambreen Fatima Inclusive Growth Institutional Quality Foreign Direct Investment Equity Countries need a tremendous amount of investment to utilize existing resources and enhance productivity in order to ensure inclusive growth in the economy. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by providing the required investment can fulfil the saving-investment gap. The paper makes an empirical investigation of the effectiveness of FDI as a financing tool for inclusive growth. The study also examines how the effectiveness of FDI varies across economies with varying level of institutional quality. The results suggest that FDI plays a significant role in achieving inclusive growth, especially in economies with a low and medium level of institutional Quality. A deep underpinning of our inclusive growth variable brought thoughtful insights such as low and middle-income economies, which mostly belong to the low and medium level of institutional quality cluster. They should adopt policies that enhance the existing spectrum of opportunities. Whereas equity should be the top-most priority for high-income economies. Humanity Publications PhD scholar, Applied Economics Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Applied Economics Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/financing-inclusive-growth-through-fdi-incorporating-the-role-of-institutional-quality https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Socio-economic Causes of Malnutrition among Pre-School Children in Pakistan: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis Muhammad Shahid Madeeha Gouhar Qureshi Jam Farooq Ahmed Binary Logistic Model Child Health Disaggregated Analysis Malnutrition CIAF PDHS The most common perception is that the prevalence of malnutrition among females is higher than males. To solve this dilemma, the present article analyzes the impact of socioeconomic factors on the nutritional status of under-five children by gender using a binary logistic regression model. Utilizing the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey [PDHS]-2013 data, a CIAF index is constructed to measure child malnutrition. The disaggregation analysis illustrates that the working status of mothers, mothers not having ownership of assets, women not involved in income decisions, and urban place of residence are found major contributors in male child malnutrition. However, factors such as higher birth order and diarrhea contribute to malnutrition in female children. The study concludes that both male and female children have a higher probability of being malnourished, but effects have been found more in male children in disaggregated analysis than female counterparts. Humanity Publications Department of Health Economics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Economics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Anthropology, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/malnutrition-among-preschool-children-in-pakistan-a-genderdisaggregated-analysis-of-socioeconomic-causes https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Macroeconomics Factors and Political Regimes on Fluctuation in Number of IPOs in Pakistan Fazli Raheem Shehzad Khan Muhammad Faizan Malik IPOs Cycle Capital Demand Hypothesis Political Regimes Pakistan The aim of the study is to determine the factors that fluctuate the numbers of IPOs (NIPOs) issued in Pakistan from 1992 to 2017. Firstly, the study examined the impact of macroeconomic factors such as GDP, Consumer Price Index (CPI), market return, Industrial production index, market volatility, and political stability on the NIPOs. Secondly, the study determined the impact of political regimes (i.e. democratic regime and military regime) on the NIPOs. The censored Tobit regression model is used to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The study found that economic growth positively influences the NIPOs over time in Pakistan; however, market returns, inflation negatively affected the NIPOs. The study further found the number of IPOs shows an overwhelming increase in the military regime, contrary to the democratic regime. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-macroeconomics-factors-and-political-regimes-on-fluctuation-in-number-of-ipos-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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China's Built and Road Initiative: Challenges and Opportunities in Xinjiang Shabnam Gul Ali Khan Aftab Alam Sophisticated Expansionism Socio-Economic Development Xinjiang Burgeoning China's peaceful ascent has had a significant impact on the global economic system. There are two major reasons for this: the first and most important is Beijing's peaceful expansionist policies, and the second is its advanced industries and technologies. Their goal is to dominate global raw materials as well as the market through their goods. China has been working hard to promote built-and-road policies around the world in order to attain these aims, but it is also confronting various intra- and inter-level possibilities and obstacles. The purpose of this article is to analyse the Built-Road and the Sino-Pak economic corridor in general, as well as the obstacles and prospects for China's Xinjiang province in particular. Xinjiang's ambitious economic development plan calls for more than $8 billion in spending over the next five years alone. Its goal is to fully integrate Xinjiang into China's booming economy and absorb its people as equal citizens of the multi-ethnic state ruled by Beijing. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Phd Scholar, Department of Political Science, Quartaba University, KP, Pakistan. Phd Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/chinas-built-and-road-initiative-challenges-and-opportunities-in-xinjiang https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Empirical Analysis of the Factors affecting Current Account Deficit in Pakistan Minhajuddin Malik Bakhsheesh Muhammad Sohail Alam Khan Current Account Deficit Fiscal Deficit Economic Growth Pakistan The maintenance of a balanced current account is among the enormous challenges faced by most of the developing economies. This study seeks to examine the determinative factors of the current account deficit in Pakistan over the period of 1976-2020.Assessment of these factors has been made within the stipulated structure of the ARDL model.Findings reveal that fiscal sustainability, sustainable economic growth, controlled inflation,and growth in gross saving are the reasons that help in stimulating the current account balances in the long run. This study also finds that exchange rate, money supply, and TOT were unable to change the position of the current account. Based on the empirical findings, it is recommended that government should concentrate on recognitions of channels that help in boosting the government revenue, accelerating the growth process, stimulating the gross saving, and maintaining a moderate level of inflation. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Economics, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar Campus, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/empirical-analysis-of-the-factors-affecting-current-account-deficit-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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US-China Trade War and its Impact on Pakistan Exports Zulfiqar Ali Keeryo Jazib Mumtaz Allah Bux Lakhan Trade War Trade Diversion Tariffs United States China Pakistan This research study attempts to explore the effect of a trade war between the United States of America and China on Pakistan and other regional countries exports to the United States of America. The difference-in-difference methodology used to obtain the coefficients of each country to estimate the change in exports to the US from China, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The empirical results indicate that due to the imposition of US tariffs, China's exports to the US reduced by 39 Percent, whereas Pakistan's exports to the US lowered by 3 Percent. India and Bangladesh, on the other hand, gains from the trade war with India's exports increased by 39 Percent and Bangladesh's exports increased by 50 Percent. Therefore, it can conclude that the US-China trade war does not bring positivity to overall Pakistan's trade position. Humanity Publications Ex. Economic Growth Advisor, Research and Training Wing, Planning and Development Department, Government of Sindh, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Social Sciences (Economics), Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/uschina-trade-war-and-its-impact-on-pakistan-exports https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Climatic Changes Effects on Agricultural Production: An Assessment in Case of Pakistan Muhammad Shahid M. Niamatullah Bibi Aisha Sadiqa Crop production Temperature CO2 from Residential Buildings CO2 Emission from electricity and Heat Air Pollution from Carbon Emission Environmental Pollution Tariffs United States China Pakist The emission of carbon from electricity, gas fuel consumption, residential building and commercial buildings has raised the temperature of the region, affecting agricultural production. The agaric sector is sensitive to change in temperature. This paper examines the climatic variations due to CO2 emission from different sources is inclined to the yield of production by taking time series data over the period from 1984 -2015. The Auto-Regressive Distributive lag model was applied to estimate the results. Moreover, diagnostic test, stability test and error correction mechanism were operated on the dataset, reveals the rising temperature, pollution and emission from residential affects the agaric production negatively I case of Pakistan. I have reviewed the literature on this topic, but a very limited portion of the literature discusses this issue. Hence this paper will contribute a lot in agricultural economics fields. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Head of Economics Department, Govt. Post Graduate College Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Head, Department of Economics, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Climatic-Changes-Effects-on-Agricultural-Production-An-Assessment-in-Case-of-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Foreign Aid on Health Sector of Pakistan Aftab Anwar Ghulam Yahya Khan Muhammad Masood Anwar Foreign Aid Health Sector ARDL Investment Openness Foreign-Aid is considered a key to economic growth in developing countries. Governments of developing countries are not able to fulfil the requirements of development. Official Development Assistant is used as supplements of domestic resources, and it plays a vital role in the bridge the gap of the budget deficit. Health is the main contributor to economic growth. Like other sectors, Pakistan relies on foreign aid to improve the health sector. The main purpose of the paper to assess the impact of foreign aid on the health sector of Pakistan. Time series data for the time period of 1984 to 2019 was used. Auto-Regressive-Distributed-lag model had been used to find out short as well as long-run association among the variables. The results of the study showed a positive and significant impact of foreign aid on the health sector of Pakistan. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Kashmir Institute of Economics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Kashmir, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Kashmir Institute of Economics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Kashmir, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-foreign-aid-on-health-sector-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Polio Eradication Media Campaign in Pakistan: KAP Analysis in Punjab Irem Sultana Rao Shahid Mahmood Khan Malik Adnan Polio Health Media Awareness Punjab The aim of this research is to go through the effects of media health campaigns on knowledge, attitude and practices regarding the disease of Polio in province Punjab. The data was collected from 500 respondents from 35 districts of Punjab. The quantitative findings of the study proved that media, particularly TV is the main source of health information in both urban and rural areas. The practice ratio is lesser as compared to the knowledge and attitude change. Many people shared knowledge with others but up to some extent and family and friends were preferred to share the knowledge with. Income and educational qualification of the respondents seem to have no effect of media health campaigns on knowledge, attitude and practice. Campaigns seemed to impart only knowledge but not bringing much change into attitude and practice. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/polio-eradication-media-campaign-in-pakistan-kap-analysis-in-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Asymmetries in Response to Shocks in Price Setting: Firm-Level Evidence from Survey based Data Nadeem Iqbal Amjad Amin Danish Wadood Alam Supply and Demand Shocks Asymmetric Response and Price Setting The objective of the paper is to estimate the asymmetric response of firms for prices to supply and demand shocks. Firms give an asymmetric response to supply and demand shocks while setting at a price, and the prices are upward flexible and downward rigid to changes in the determinants. Asymmetric response to the cost of raw material is highest. Moreover, the seasonal factors have the lowest degree of asymmetric response. Firms give an asymmetric response to different shocks, with respect to a price increase and decrease, and across variables of demand-side and supply side. The central bank has to focus more on stabilization in response to supply shocks than to demand shocks because supply shocks are found more important than demand shocks to change the prices of firms. Measures should be taken to prevent the possible effects of adverse supply shocks. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/asymmetries-in-response-to-shocks-in-price-setting-firmlevel-evidence-from-survey-based-data https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Determinants of Corporate Cash Holdings in Hospitality Sector of France, Spain and United States of America Majid Mumtaz Wisal Ahmad Syed Arshad Ali Shah Cash Holdings Hospitality Unique Attributes This study determines the effect of parameters used for cash holding in hospitality sector (HS) of target countries i-e France, Spain and United State of America for the period of 14 years (2005-2018). The parameters consist of firm size, leverage, capital expenditure, growth opportunity, liquidity, cash flow, cash flow volatility, asset intangibility, dividend payments and stock exchange. Dynamic panel data is employed for empirical estimation i-e Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). System GMM model estimation reveals that leverage, cash flow volatility and asset intangibility influence cash holdings positively while size, capital expenditure, growth opportunities and cash flow affect cash holdings negatively. Humanity Publications IBL, Abdul Wali Khan Univerity, Mardan, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies & Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/determinants-of-corporate-cash-holdings-in-hospitality-sector-of-france-spain-and-united-states-of-america https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Cramel Model on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Pakistan Syed Masood Shah Muhammad Faizan Malik Sikandar Shah Return on Assets Return on Equity Capital Adequacy Resource Allocation Asset Quality Management Efficiency Earning Profitability Liquidity Pakistan Stock Exchange This paper analyzes the impact of CRAMEL model on commercial banks financial performance working in Pakistan. Firm financial performance used as dependent variable e.g. ROA, ROE and TQ whereas Capital Adequacy, Resource Allocation, Asset Quality, Management Efficiency, Earning Profitability and Liquidity were used as independent variables. Panel data was analyzed through ordinary least square, fixed effect and random effect models. Secondary data of twenty listed commercial banks on Pakistan stock exchange are used from the period of 2008 to 2017. Result of fixed effect model provided significant positive relationship among CA, RA and ROA, ROE, whereas EP and LIQ have substantial negative association with ROA and ROE. There is insignificant relation of AQ and EP with ROA and ROE. Furthermore, EP has substantial positive association with Tobin's Q whereas RA, ME and LIQ has substantial negative relation with Tobin's Q. Lastly CA and AQ have insignificant impact on Tobin's Q. Humanity Publications MS Management Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. MS Management Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-cramel-model-on-the-financial-performance-of-commercial-banks-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Co-Movement of Forex Rate and Share Price of Pakistan Stock Exchange - An Application of Copula Models Muhammad Nouman Latif Nasir Ali Anjum Shahzad Copula Model Share Price Forex rate Joint Distribution This paper examines the relationship between the forex rate and the share price of the Pakistan Stock Exchange. The study provides additional understating of the complex nature of the relationship among bi-variate time series using the Copula model. Copula models are best suited to find the co-movement of time series data integrating the possible latent structure of the relationship through estimation of joint distribution with the help of marginal distribution of each time series variable. Alike from the traditional time series analysis, Copula models are best suited to estimate the complex relationship, specifically the tail dependence structure of joint distribution of the variables. Results of the study highlight a significant two-sided tail dependence structure between the Forex rate and share price of the Pakistan Stock Exchange. Humanity Publications Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/comovement-of-forex-rate-and-share-price-of-pakistan-stock-exchange-an-application-of-copula-models https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Role of Mass Media in Dissemination of Agricultural Information among Farmers of Hyderabad, Sindh - Pakistan Shazia Shahab Shaikh Ali Hassan Yasmeen Sultana Forooqui Mass Media Agricultural Information Farmers Dissemination This study inspects the role of mass media in terms of spreading information related to agricultural activities in Hyderabad district (Sindh) Pakistan. It also aims to explore the most preferred medium of information among farmers. Three areas including Tando Jam, Hosri and Hatri are chosen from Hyderabad district. The total sample data collected through purposive sampling technique from 180 farmers, whereas 60 farmers are equally selected from each area. The study found a significant role of mass media in disseminating agricultural information. In mass media the most likely source is print media where the daily Kawish and the daily Ibrat are having more readership as compare to other newspapers. Moreover, the newspaper's contents help farmers to get latest information regarding agriculture activities. This study will help public and private institutions in policy making regarding agricultural awareness of farmers. It also helps the mass media stack holder to make policies related to audiences and contents publishing. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Media Sciences, Ilma University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/role-of-mass-media-in-dissemination-of-agricultural-information-among-farmers-of-hyderabad-sindh-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Household Poverty, Women Fertility and Child Nutritional Status in Tehsil Jahanian, Pakistan Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh Muhammad Tariq Maryam Ghafoor Household Poverty Women Fertility and Child Nutritional Status This study measures the impact of household poverty on women fertility and the nutritional status of children. In this study, the poverty level is computed by the per capita income, while women fertility is measured by the number of children in a household. The Height- for-age Z-score (HAZ) method has been used to measure the nutritional status of children. A survey has been conducted to collect household data. The study uses the OLS method and finds that household poverty is positively correlated to women fertility rate but negatively related to the nutritional status of children. The study has suggested various policies measures for poverty, women fertility and the nutritional status of children. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Student, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/household-poverty-women-fertility-and-child-nutritional-status-in-tehsil-jahanian-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Examining the Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Female Economic Participation in Pakistan Sabahat Akram Hajra Faraqat Saadia Bano Hashmi ICTs Female Participation GDP FDI Developing Countries Pakistan This study is an attempt to investigate the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) development on the participation of women in economic activities in Pakistan. Data for the period 1991-2017 was used for this research work and regressed on female economic involvement and ICTs development and another set of control variables like GDP, FDI and trade liberalization. Data sources are the WDI, IFS, and ESP. Johansen cointegration test, VECM and Granger causality tests were used to estimate data. Estimation techniques were applied after checking the properties of time series data. Results indicate the positive and significant relationship of dependent variable female economic participation and independent variables ICTs development and macro-economic variables in the long run. The study findings indicate that female economic participation has increased with the increase in ICTs in Pakistan. However, the rate of women's economic participation was not found as increasing as in other developed countries, and it is not as rapid as technology developed in the last decade. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Governance and Public Policy, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/examining-the-impact-of-information-and-communication-technologies-on-female-economic-participation-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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COVID-19: Socio-Economic Implications for Pakistan Ijaz Khalid Aneela Akbar Hina Malik Covid-19 Pakistan Pandemic Scio-Economic Implications China Responses The paper analyzes the global pandemic of COVID-19, its evolution, development and its implications on the world and specifically Pakistan. Sparkly, it emerged in the Chinese city of Wuhan, was restricted to the city for less than a month, but currently, the virus has engrossed the whole world. This part of the study investigates both developed and developing countries responses to deal with the dominant global issue. The study focused on Pakistan's response to COVID-19 being damaged by War on Terror and political instability. The paper concluded that Pakistan very smartly responded to the pandemic by applying smart lockdown within its limited resources to contain the virus and maintained a balance between saving lives and saving livelihoods. This piece of paper also finds that, like in other developing countries, the pandemic also has severe Socio-economic implications as the economically of the business went down, investment came to its lowest level that heavily marked Pakistan economically unsound. Socially speaking, the virus created fear and totally break down the public gathering that made the people psychologically unhealthy. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan. KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan. KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan. KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/covid19-socioeconomic-implications-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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BRICS and Evolving Trends of Complex Interdependence: Implications for Pakistan Waseem Ishaque Shabnam Gul Muhammad Faizan Asgher Complex Interdependence Economic Integration Power Politics By far, the Realist notion of Power politics has remained the dominant paradigm in examining interstate relations; however, I want to argue that the evolving international landscape is moving fast towards complex interdependence. The peaceful rise of China, recurrence of Russia and rising Indian stature with a stable economic outlook and human capital of over 1 billion are hard facts, which is transforming the prevailing norms of international order by way of cooperative engagement, economic collaboration, common development and creating shared destiny by way of win-win cooperation. The BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) has assumed greater significance, as it is a transregional organization based on economic integration. This research article explores the contours of a successful model, identify potential challenges and opportunities and suggests a way forward for optimizing the gains promised through this economic bloc. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Peace & Counter Terrorism Studies, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/brics-and-evolving-trends-of-complex-interdependence-implications-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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An Empirical Investigation on Corporate Governance: Evidence from Pakistan Ghulam Nabi Faheem Ghaznafar Tahira Asif Ownership Structure ROA ROE Leverage This study aims to examine the association between firm performance and ownership structure. We collect the data from the annual reports of 60 random firms, which are listed in the Karachi stock exchange (KSE 100 Index), for a period of 5 years from 2007-2011. Firm performance is measured by using market and accounting based proxies, Tobin's Q, ROA, and ROE, respectively, while ownership structure is measured as a percentage of shares held by the Board of Directors. The findings reveal that ownership structure has a negative and significant association with firm performance (accounting-based proxy). Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Kotli, AJ&K, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Kotli, AJ&K, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, The Agriculture University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/an-empirical-investigation-on-corporate-governance-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Investigating the Factors Affecting Female Work Participation in Pakistan: A Case Study from Multan Division Salyha Zulfiqar Ali Shah Umber Riaz Female Work Participation Education Multan Pakistan Labor Supply The present study sheds light on the factors affecting female work participation in the Multan division, being part of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Empowering females economically may uplift the standard of living of their families as well as helps to reduce the poverty rates in the economy. Female labor force participation also contributes to improving the human capital of the less developed countries like Pakistan. Primary data has been collected through a field survey, having a sample size of 350 females during the year 2020. The findings of the study conclude that education attainment, women's age, husband's education, marital status, access to credit are significantly influencing the female work participation in the Multan division. The study suggested that a proper policy framework should be designed by the government to encourage females towards labor force participation. Moreover, the provision of short-term loans would be helpful to participate in different economic activities, like small business enterprises. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/investigating-the-factors-affecting-female-work-participation-in-pakistan-a-case-study-from-multan-division https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Primary Modes of Islamic Finance: A Critical Analysis Minhajuddin Brekhana Gul Muhammad Sohail Alam Khan Islamic Finance Mudarabah Musharakah Shari’ah This paper is an attempt to analyze the practices of Mudarabah and Musharakah been held by the existing Islamic banking. This paper aims to explore the different aspects where Islamic banks were found to be violating the basic rules in these two primary modes of Islamic finance. This paper denies the current practices of Mudarabah and Musharakah at many grounds, like its existence with the concept of limited liability, absentee as a partner, supervisory role of the state bank, and its role as sleeping Mudarib. Similarly, the expense and profit estimation techniques and the acquired procedure to maintain the minimum account balance requirement were also inappropriate with the basic tenets of Shari'ah Principles. This article argues that the structure of overall Islamic banking is purely based on interest bearing investment and financing. It further argues that they deal only in money; they are not involved in any kind of business or trade. According to the authors, the contemporary Islamic banks are inconsistent with Shari'ah in their practices Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KPK, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business % Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business % Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-primary-modes-of-islamic-finance-a-critical-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-III).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Fostering the Social Capital: Interplay of Public Relations and Democracy Ali Hassan Rao Shahid Mahmood Khan Arsha Saleem Meer Social Capital Public Relations Democracy Society This article discusses fostering social capital as the result of interaction between Public Relations and democracy. Social capital is a collective benefit which results from the close cooperation of individuals or group of individuals through mutual interaction. Burt (2002) defined social capital as "the actual and potential resource that is embedded in available through, derived from social networks of relationships". This present study mainly focuses on What does interaction between public relations and democracy contributes to enhancing the Social Capital, i.e., benefits for individuals in society after mutual cooperation. Public relations and democracy are part and parcel in any society now a day. This paper also argues about the interplay between Public Relations and democracy for the betterment of society. This article ends with the implications of Public Relations on creating social capital and development of democracy. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/fostering-the-social-capital-interplay-of-public-relations-and-democracy https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Impact of Public Spending on Poverty through the Channel of Social Infrastructure: An Empirical Analysis of Asian Economies Muhammad Akbar Sabahat Subhan Haidar Farooqe Public Spending Social Infrastructure Poverty Moderated Mediation Model Asian Countries. This study empirically investigated the mediating role that education plays to channelize Public Spending towards Poverty alleviation in Asian economies. To capture the direct and indirect link between the main explained variable poverty and explanatory variable Public Spending, a relatively new methodology known as Moderated Mediation, has been adopted. For empirical analysis, Seemingly Unrelated Regression technique (SUR) was employed. Results revealed an inverse and significant relationship between Public Spending and Poverty in direct as well as indirect way. The direct impact of public spending on Poverty alleviation programs expressed a strong impact on poverty reduction. The indirect impact that public spending has on poverty through education found inverse and highly significant. The high rate of population growth, unemployment and high inflation cause poverty in sampled Asian economies. Suitable policies need to be adopted in order to cope with poverty in the aforementioned economies. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-public-spending-on-poverty-through-the-channel-of-social-infrastructure-an-empirical-analysis-of-asian-economies https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Trade Openness and Economic Growth Nexus in Pakistan Ghulam Yahya Khan Muhammad Masood Anwar Aftab Anwar Economic Growth FDI Trade Openness Inflation Exchange Rate Pakistan Cointegration ADF This study explores the nexus amongst trade openness and economic growth for Pakistan for 1981-2019. Trade-openness is a dependent variable, and it is measured as imports plus exports to GDP ratio. Economic growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Inflation, Exchange rate, and interest rate are taken as explanatory variables. Co-integration approach by Johansen and Juselius (1988, 1991) has been used for long-run relationships. Results indicate that Trade-Openness has significantly affected the economic growth and other control variables of the study for Pakistan. There exist bidirectional Granger Causality in the selected variables. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Kashmir Institute of Economics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. Women University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/trade-openness-and-economic-growth-nexus-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Assessing the influence of Corporate Governance, Ownership Concentration and Bank Size on the Firm's Value and Bank's Performance: Evidence from Pakistan Ihtesham Khan Wisal Ahmad Syed Arshad Ali Shah Corporate Governance Ownership Concentration Bank Size Bank's Performance Firm's Value. This empirical study examines the impact of corporate governance, ownership structure and bank size on the bank's performance and firm's value of the banking sector in Pakistan. The data is extracted for 17 commercial banks listed at the Pakistan Stock Exchange for the period of 2006-2016. The results show that corporate governance and bank size positively affect bank's performance while ownership concentration does not have any effect on bank's performance. Moreover, firm's value is positively affected by ownership concentration, while it is not affected by corporate governance and bank size. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Finance, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies & Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/assessing-the-influence-of-corporate-governance-ownership-concentration-and-bank-size-on-the-firms-value-and-banks-performance-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Jurisdictional Determinants Of Investor-State Dispute Settlement: A Contemporary Critique Ali Nawaz Khan Naveed Ahmad Bakht Munir Jurisdictional Determinants State Dispute Jurisdiction Investor Investment International Convention for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) has incorporated a specialized jurisdiction under the auspicious of the World Bank Group. The convention has promulgated a standing offer for the investors of the contracting states to invoke ICSID jurisdiction on the fulfilment of some determinants. ICSID tribunals have amplified the application of these determinants to the extent to overshadow the legitimate rights of sovereign states. The magnification of standards of determinants of investor-state dispute settlement has caused unpredictability of ICSID jurisdiction. Uniform and predictable standards of determinant have the potential to strengthen and promote this mechanism of institutional settlement of investment disputes. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Languages and Linguistics, New Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/jurisdictional-determinants-of-investorstate-dispute-settlement-a-contemporary-critique https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Parents Perception Regarding Immunization of Two Years Old Children: An Analysis of EPI Communication Campaign in Pakistan Malik Adnan Irem Sultana Ifra Iftikhar Immunization; Parents Perception; EPI Communication Campaign; EPI Knowledge This research study aimed to explore the parents' perceptions and knowledge with reference to child immunization under the expanded program of immunization. A sample of 200 couples was taken from different provinces of Pakistan, including Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and KPK, by utilizing the convenient sampling technique. The findings of the study indicated that the young couples had more knowledge about the covered diseases, schedule of immunization and expanded the program of immunization. Mothers were having good knowledge of EPI, and their mean knowledge was greater than their counterparts. Similarly, employed and urbanized couples had also significant knowledge about the expanded program of immunization and its covered diseases. Television, radio and the internet were the leading and effective sources of information regarding EPI and its covered diseases. Furthermore, access to immunization centers, migration, absence or unavailability of vaccination staff and post-immunization fever were the chief reasons for incomplete immunization. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/parents-perception-regarding-immunization-of-two-years-old-children-an-analysis-of-epi-communication-campaign-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of COVID-19 and Coping Policies Implemented by Higher Education Institutions in South-Asian Countries: Systematic Review Shaheen Fatima Nisar Ahmad Samreen Fatima COVID-19 Online Learning Higher Education COVID-19 has disrupted not only human lives but also the quality of education especially in developing countries of the South- Asian region. This study elaborates the impact of COVID-19 on education sector and also illustrate the strategies followed by the management of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The systematic review of 23 most relevant research studies shows that the Pandemic has affected students'learning, mental, physical, social and economical conditions badly. Particularly, students who do not afford the use of technological appliances are suffering more. HEIs need to have a smart online syllabus for various subjects. Furthermore, HEIs need to review their communication channel and technical assistance. The strategies implemented by HEIs during COVID-19 are useful and should be continued to keep offering quality education during upcoming academic sessions. Humanity Publications Department of Economics Lahore Leads University, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore,Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. (Corresponding Author) Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-covid19-and-coping-policies-implemented-by-higher-education-institutions-in-southasian-countries-systematic-review https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Effect of Financial Risk Tolerance and Family Income on Entrepreneurial Intention in Higher Education Sector of District Swabi Rehan Zeb Naveed Hussain Shah Muhammad Arif Family income (FI) Financial risk tolerance (FRT) Entrepreneurial intention (EI) The study examines the effect of family income (FI) and financial risk tolerance (FRT) on entrepreneurial intention in students of Universities of the Higher Education Sector located in district Swabi. This is an explanatory and co relational study carrying a sample size of 330 out of the total of all 501 students from public and private Universities in Swabi. Financial determinants are prominent aspects of the study contributing to entrepreneurial intention. The study has established the relationship between FI and FRT on EI of universities of the Higher Education Sector located in district Swabi. The study is a contribution to the rare work on the relationship between financial determinants and entrepreneurial intention. The study revealed that FI and FRT significantly affect EI, whereas the order of contribution of these determinants on EI are evident their coefficients are FRT and FI. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-effect-of-financial-risk-tolerance-and-family-income-on-entrepreneurial-intention-in-higher-education-sector-of-district-swabi https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Relationship Between Green Marketing Determinants and Consumer Buying Behavior: Mediating Role of Environmental Awareness Fazli Haq Adil Adnan Muhammad Arif Green-Marketing Environmental-Awareness Consumer Buying Behaviour Global warming is indeed one of the significant problems the planet is currently facing. In order to cope with global warming concerns the green practices are introduced around the globe that is associated with waste reduction, resource conservation and healthy living are considered to be important. Therefore, consumers are more intended to purchase the green-products. Researchers reported that the principles of green marketing and environmental consumer behavior have not been explored in a collaborative way. The targeted population is the consumers of the shopping malls of urban areas of Pakistan. The data were collected via questionnaire and collected data was analyzed through hierarchal regression. The findings exhibited that the green marketing practices, i.e. (green ads, eco-labeling, green-branding) has positive, substantial effect on environmental awareness and CBB, and environmental awareness partially intermediates in an association between green-marketing facets i.e. (green-ads, eco-labeling, green-branding) and CBB. The study concluded that the creation of an efficient green product and marketing strategy is extremely essential for marketers, which can contribute to higher profits and customer patronage. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, IQRA National University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Business Administration Department of Business Administration, IQRA National University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/relationship-between-green-marketing-determinants-and-consumer-buying-behavior-mediating-role-of-environmental-awareness https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Impact of Corporate Governance Practices on the Firm Financial Performance of the Non-Financial Firms Ishtiaq Ahmad Bibi Aisha Sadiqa Rashid Khan Corporate Governance Firm Performance Pakistan Board Size Board Gender Board Experience Firm Size ROA Tobin-Q The study focuses on whether the Corporate Governance characteristics influence the firm performance of Non-Financial Firms in Pakistan. In this study, three types of industries like pharmaceutical, cement, and food were analyzed from the Pakistan Stock Exchange for the period of 2010 to 2019. The authors used the diagnostic test on data that argued that the model is better, like the fixed effect model or random-effect model for analysis. Multiple regression-based methodologies were developed to use a fixed-effect model for both dependent variables, Return on Assets and Tobin-Q variables, to discover the association between corporate governance and firm performance. It is concluded that board size, board education board experience, board nationality and board compensation have significant the ROA and board size, board experience, the board size, and board compensation shows significance with Tobin-Q. Humanity Publications Department of Business Administration, Iqra National University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Economics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Faculty of Management Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-corporate-governance-practices-on-the-firm-financial-performance-of-the-nonfinancial-firms https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Renewable Energy Option for Socio-Economic Development in Pakistan Muhammad Tahir Hassan Muqarrab Akbar Shumaila Dilawar Renewable Energy Pakistan Energy Crisis An uninterrupted supply and easy access to energy are necessary for the economic and social development of a country. It can only be possible by careful management of available energy and including the increased share of clean, renewable energy (RE) in the overall energy supply. A substantial reduction in the use of fossil fuel can also help to mitigate the global environmental effects. Pakistan has been suffering from a severe energy crisis for the last many years that has badly affected its industrial sector, and consequently, a substantial reduction of economic growth is witnessed in the country. This paper explores the alternative opportunities of energy supply in Pakistan by highlighting the available potential of nonfossil energy resources. It also highlights the present scenario and prospects of RE adoption in the country that will help for socioeconomic development in the country. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Management Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/renewable-energy-option-for-socioeconomic-development-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Shifting National Security Paradigm of Pakistan from Geo Politics to a Geo Economics Era Shabnam Gul Muhammad Faizan Asghar Munib Khalid Geo- Economics National Security India Afghanistan Pakistan being one of the most populous Muslim states, is characterized by unique features. It is home to the seventh-largest army in the world, but strangely enough, it stands in 2018 (slightly better than previous rankings )as one of the 20th most fragile nations of the world. Pakistan bears a key geopolitical position in South Asia, linking it with the Middle East, surrounded by Russia, China, India, and Iran as well. Traditionally, Pakistan national security has been analyzed through geopolitical and geostrategic perspectives, but with the primacy of economic factors, the geo-economic approach has taken the lead in analyzing the national security of Pakistan. Most underdeveloped and developing countries heavily depend upon external resources and regional connectivity for economic development, but both can jeopardize their security in one way or the other. So Pakistan is no exception in this regard. That's why the article is going to analyze the hazards to Pakistan's national security by focusing upon the growing Pakistan China economic connectivity and Indian fears and apprehensions and Afghanistan's instability, and its prospective looming effect on China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Humanity Publications In-Charge, Department of International Relations, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Peace & Counter Terrorism Studies, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/shifting-national-security-paradigm-of-pakistan-from-geo-politics-to-a-geo-economics-era https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Project of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: A Case study of Significant and Drawbacks for Pakistan Muhammad Ismail OBOR Pakistan China CPEC South Asia Economy The corridor is significant to Pakistan's economic progress as well as the growth of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. The corridor is a major transportation connection between Beijing and Islamabad that links them through land and rail routes; this project benefits the Asian and Middle Eastern countries by promoting trade and tourism between Pakistan and China. On April 20, 2015, it started with a $46 billion budget and had since grown to a total budget of $62 billion in 2017. Pakistan includes a road and rail network, power plants, and a unique economic sector. This proposal makes it possible to resolve oil and gas shortages, as well as economic and geopolitical scope. This massive project encourages stability, economic development, energy fortification, sustainable progress, and job creation. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, Federal Urdu University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/a-project-of-chinapakistan-economic-corridor-a-case-study-of-significant-and-drawbacks-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Risk of Foreign Exchange Exposure of Stock Returns Concerning Non-Financial Listed Firms Syed Muhammad Ali Tirmizi Muhammad Jawad Haider Shahab Ud Din REER Stock Returns Firm Size Liquidity Money Supply Inflation Rate The foreign exchange rate fluctuations do create an impact on stock returns, which has been investigated for non-financial listed Pakistani firms. The real effective exchange rate has been used as the true measure of foreign exchange exposure. The modelled econometric equation includes; firm size, firm liquidity, money supply and inflation as predictors of stock returns. Twenty-five non-financial listed firms have been evaluated for the study period 2004 to 2013, which signifies the military regime era proceeded by peoples party rule in Pakistan. Financial data analysis, including; ADF unit root and Johansen Co-integration tests, have been applied to evaluate financial data, which further led to correlation, descriptive stats and panel data regression analysis. The results have suggested a very weak relationship between stock returns and foreign exchange exposure. Therefore, sample non-financial listed firms have not been foreign exchange exposed; however, firm size, liquidity, money supply and inflation rates have definitely created an impact on stock returns. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Karakoram International University, Ghizer Campus, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-risk-of-foreign-exchange-exposure-of-stock-returns-concerning-nonfinancial-listed-firms https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Examining Empirical Relationship among Service Quality, Reputation and Brand Loyalty: Important Role of Satisfaction Umar Siddique Muhammad Imran Sajid Rahman Khattak Satisfaction Service Quality Brand Loyalty Reputation Hoteling Industry The study in hand attempts to investigate the intervening role of satisfaction on service quality and reputation relationship with brand loyalty in the hotel industry of Pakistan. The sample of the current research was customers of the hotels operated in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Based on convenience sampling, a total of 400 respondents were selected. A total of 356 questionnaires were received back, from which 345 were usable. Data were collected from the targeting customers through a structured questionnaire. The instrument validity and reliability were checked. The study found that reputation and service quality are significantly related to brand loyalty. The relationship between service quality and brand loyalty is did not mediated by satisfaction. Based on these results, the study recommended that the hotel industry give due importance to service quality, including physical environment, location, and staff behaviour, and reputation, to gain customer loyalty. In the end, we also recommend future directions to explore the phenomena further. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, IBMS, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/examining-empirical-relationship-among-service-quality-reputation-and-brand-loyalty-important-role-of-satisfaction https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Natural Resource Management and Nation Building in Pakistan: Agro-Commercialization in Tehsils of Colonial District Multan, Pakistan Abida Kausar Chuadhary Natural Resource Management National Building Pakistan Colonial District Multan Agro Commercialization Nation-building refers to the process of constructing or structuring a national identity using the power of the state. Natural resources and technologies associated with it and their use have been an integral part of human life, as old as civilization. The land formed the main ingredients of a natural resource. Pakistan is fortunate because its soils, topography and climate are generally suitable for farming, but its agriculture sectors face the problem of scarcity of water in regions like Multan. The development of irrigation resources was, therefore, one of the major concerns of the Governments who ruled the region. Like other Punjab districts, Multan witnessed the commercialization of agro products and the growth of market towns following the extension of irrigation and communication facilities. However, it was immensely transformed by the Sidhnai Canal Colony system. This paper also attempts to analyze the economics of conjunctive water management practices in Tehsils of Colonial Multan. This research is based on original non published official reports from Punjab Civil Secretariat Lahore and British Indian Library London. The paper is mainly based on archival documentation, settlement and assessment reports and gazetteers. Humanity Publications Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of History and Pakistan Studies, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/natural-resource-management-and-nation-building-in-pakistan-agrocommercialization-in-tehsils-of-colonial-district-multan-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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US Economic Sanctions: A Controversial Foreign Policy Tool in International Politics Nimra Irfan Madiha Nawaz Sobia Jamil Sanctions Civilians Policy Targeted States CUBA Iran Syria Politics In this current century, the use of economic sanctions by the superpowers, particularly the US, has become regular and aggressive. The US imposes sanctions and economic embargoes on states and groups who do not follow US-designed standards regarding manufacturing weapons, nuclear technology and resolving international disputes. However, it has failed most of the time to alter behaviour of the sanctioned countries. Sanctions programs of Syria, Pakistan, Iran and North Korea are a few of the many examples which prove the failure of American sanctions. This qualitative research article examines the politics of the US behind its sanctions policy along with negative impacts on targeted countries. It also analyses Donald Trump's aggressive sanctions policy, which is said as record-breaking in American history of economic sanctions. The whole analysis explains targeted sanctions policy is controversial and ineffective. These sanctions kill civilians and restrict them from basic necessities like food, medicines, and employment. Additionally, in a globalized world, states do not get much affected by sanctions. If one market closes its door on a state, it starts looking for other trade partners. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Humanities, Greenwich University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Humanities, Greenwich University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Visiting Faculty Member, Department of Humanities, Greenwich University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/us-economic-sanctions-a-controversial-foreign-policy-tool-in-international-politics https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Knowledge-based Program Management Resource on Social Enterprise Sustainability: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach Arif-Ud-Din Syed Mohsin Ali Shah Muhammad Jahangir Sustainability Program Management Resource Social Enterprise Resource-Based View The focus of this research is to look at knowledge-based programme management resources as a starting point for investigating the relationship between Team programme management resources and social enterprise sustainability in underdeveloped countries. This article examines data from 300 programme management personnel of social businesses in Pakistan who responded to a self-administered and online survey. The link between team programme management resources and social business sustainability was investigated using structural equation modelling (CB-SEM). A total of 9 critical indicators of the team programme management assets have a substantial impact on the three sustainability pillars (Social, economic and environmental). This research contributes to the understanding of the relationship between programme management resources and the long-term sustainability of social enterprises. Few publications have looked into intangible programme management resources as a basis of sustainability using the RBV of the organization. This study adds to the body of knowledge on the RBV of the business and advances our consideration of programme management resources as a foundation of long-term sustainability. Humanity Publications Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-knowledgebased-program-management-resource-on-social-enterprise-sustainability-a-structural-equation-modelling-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Determinants of Corporate Cash Holdings in Textile Sector of Pakistan Hira Ali Khan Wisal Ahmad Ihtesham Ur Rahman Cash Holding Generalized Method of Moments Textile Sector Pakistan This study analyzes the impact of tools used for cash holding in the textile sector of Pakistan for the period of 14 years (2005-2018). The tools consist of firm dimension, influence, capital expenditure, expansion opportunity, liquidity, cash stream and cash stream instability and extra expenditure. Unbalanced dynamic panel data is engaged for empirical estimation. For estimation of consistent result active panel information i-e Two-step scheme widespread process of moments is used. System generalized method of moments (GMM) design estimation reveals that compact dimension control, capital expenses, cash stream, cash stream instability and extra dummy affect cash holdings positively while liquidity and growth opportunities affect cash holdings negatively. Lagged cash is used as an instrumental variable and its positive implication (coefficient) reveal that the prior year reserve of cash have a significant impact on the current year and, suggesting these companies have a target level of cash. The academic implication indicates that larger companies in the textile sector retain more cash and easy access to diversify and advance sophisticated technology projects and furthermore will compete in the open market economy. Humanity Publications MS Scholar Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/determinants-of-corporate-cash-holdings-in-textile-sector-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Individual Investors' Financial Behaviour and Financial Attitude: Role of Financial Literacy as Moderator in Decision Making Sadaf Ambreen Laiba Khalid Aniqa Zubair Financial Literacy Financial Behaviour Investment Decision Making Financial Attitude As an individual investor, it is incredible to have a successful performance return without financial knowledge. An organization's performance must be measured and analysed based on an adequate financial management system. In today's multifaceted financial scenery Financial Literacy is crucial as it does not only impact financial decisions at the business level but is also important for the country's development. Financial literacy has the importance of the backbone of society. The study adds a new mechanism of financial literacy. The main objective of this study is to determine further insight into the role of financial literacy on an individual's behaviour and attitude towards financial decision making. For analysis, the moderator impact of financial literacy on decision-making data of 100 individual investors has been collected from different banking sectors of Pakistan. The result of this study shows that financial literacy has a significant impact on financial decision making. This study delivers knowledge that can contribute to guiding coming studies, making policies, directors and instructors in their teaching. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. BBA, Department of Business Administration, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Teaching Assistant, Department of Business Administration, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/racy-as-moderator-in-decision-making https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Study to Analyze the Determinants of Fast-food Restaurant Customer Loyalty thr.. Atif Ali Gill Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad Hasnain Ali Food Quality Brand Image Brand Trust Physical Environment Customer Loyalty Satisfaction Developing Country Fast-food consumption has been raised tremendously recently and improving customer loyalty is the need of the hour. This study aims to analyze the factors that impact the loyalty of customers in fast-food restaurants. A theoretical model incorporated food quality, brand image, brand trust, and physical environment and analyze their influence on loyalty through the inventing construct of customer satisfaction. Total 240 complete responses were collected from consumers of three big fast-food international chains operating in Pakistan. The statistical tool Smart PLS 3.2.8 has been utilized to do partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings revealed that food quality, brand image, brand trust significantly impact customer loyalty, while the physical environment found an insignificant effect. The present study delivers practical guidelines to managers and owners of fast-food chains by providing critical factors that enhance customers' loyalty. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/a-study-to-analyze-the-determinants-of-fastfood-restaurant-customer-loyalty-through-mediating-impact-of-customer-satisfaction https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Strategic Management Practices on the Business Performance of SMEs in Pakistan Muhammad Ishtiaq Muhammad Shahid Tufai Anjum Hussain Strategic Management Small and Medium Enterprises Business Performance Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan are playing a significant role in the economic development, and performance of these SMEs is very crucial to the country. Therefore, the aim of current research is to check the significance of strategic management practices in the SMEs operating in the South Punjab of Pakistan. Three variables were created from the existing literature (strategy development,strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation). Convenient sampling has been used to collect primary data through self-administrative questionnaires. By exercising different Inferential Statistical Techniques, this paper has found a significant link between all the strategic management functions and business performance of selected SMEs in the South Punjab of Pakistan.For this purpose, IBM SPSS Statistics software has been applied.This research has recommended that owners as well as management of SMEs should regularly evaluate and take corrective measures on schedule and the progress of various strategies. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Professor, UE Business School, Division of Management and Administrative Sciences, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan MS Scholar, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-strategic-management-practices-on-the-business-performance-of-smes-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Economic Sustainability and CO2 Emission in Pakistan: Revisiting the EKC Hypothesis Minhajuddin Sumaira Brekhana Gul Economic Sustainablity CO2 Emisison Pakistan EKC Hypothesis ARDL Model GDP The public concern over the environmental degradation has received an increasing interest of the researchers in the last few decades. This paper intends to scrutinize the EKC hypothesis within the framework of the ARDL model over the period of 1976-2020. Along with ECM, different types of appropriate tests are also carried for the purpose of diagnosing the data and recognizing the pattern of causality. Findings reveal that growth in GDP per capita deteriorates the carbon emission at the initial stages of development but as economy grows it then helps in improving the quality of the environment. For environmental sustainability, the required level of growth threshold is calculated to be 4.61 Percent. This study also finds one-way causality running from GDP and energy consumption to CO2. Findings suggest that policymakers should concentrate on enhancing the consumption of renewable energies, implementing carbon-cutting policies in industries, and boosting the level of per capita income. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan Lecturer in Economics, Higher Education Department, KP, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/economic-sustainability-and-co2-emission-in-pakistan-revisiting-the-ekc-hypothesis https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-I).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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FATF and Terror Financing: The Perspective of Pakistan Shabnam Gul Muhammad Faizan Asghar Shujat Ali FATF Terror Financing Al Qaida Money Laundering Illicit Transfer Hawala and Hundi There is a plethora of international organizations that has been formed to maintain peace in the world. FATF is such an organization that has been formed in order to scrutinize and control the menace of money laundering and that of the terror financing. In a third world state like Pakistan where there is dearth of transparent mechanisms of money transfers and where there is no rule of law, it has become easy for the individuals to carry out the illicit activities like money laundering (Dube and Vargas, 2013). Pakistan has been in the grey list from the last few years and it has dramatically affected the economy of Pakistan. Pakistan has established a number of centralized mechanisms that are, without a doubt, on the correct track for monitoring the financial transaction system, which is currently very near to meet the certain much needed criteria for finding and freezing the founded and highlighted money laundering cases and that of the terrorist financing. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor/In-charge, Department of International Relations, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Peace & Counter Terrorism Studies, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ministry of Defense. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/fatf-and-terror-financing-the-perspective-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Knowledge, Entrepreneurial Attitude, and Competencies on Entrepreneurial Motivation: A Study of College Students Aniqa Zubair Rohma Yousaf Nausheen Syed Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurial Motivation Knowledgebase Entrepreneurship Competencies Entrepreneurial Attitudes This research aims to understand the main dynamics which enhance the entrepreneurial motivation among students of Faisalabad. The quantitative method explores the relationship between knowledge base, entrepreneurial attitudes, entrepreneurship competencies, and entrepreneurial motivation. A data of 150 respondents were collected from recognized universities of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan working in Faisalabad. The respondents were from banking and finance, commerce, marketing, business administration of public and private universities of Faisalabad. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-21) analyzes the gathered data for descriptive analysis. The study revealed that the determinants of a knowledge base, entrepreneurial attitudes, and entrepreneurship competencies positively correlate with entrepreneurial motivation. Humanity Publications Teaching Assistant, Department of Management Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-knowledge-entrepreneurial-attitude-and-competencies-on-entrepreneurial-motivation-a-study-of-college-students https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Evaluating the Determinants and Sustainability of Public Debt for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Countries Ayaz khan Zahoor ul Haq Javed Iqbal Public Debt Macroeconomic Variables Panel ARDL Sustainability SAARC Countries This study examines the sustainability and relationship of public debt to selected macroeconomic variables for South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries from 1996 to 2017. For the relationship of public debt to macroeconomic variables, we employ a panel Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) model. For sustainability measurement of public debt, we used a theoretically derived model based on necessary and sufficient conditions. The panel ARDL results for the long run show that the savinginvestment gap and economic growth negatively while the budget deficit and current account positively explain public debt. The sustainability measurement results based on necessary and sufficient conditions reveal that public debt remains unsustainable for most of the years in the presence of macroeconomic variables. It is recommended that countries in this association should formulate policies that promote saving culture. This saving culture may not only promote investment but also can affect the current account situation of these countries. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Economics, Pakhtunkhwa Economic Policy Research Institute, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Pakhtunkhwa Economic Policy Research Institute, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/evaluating-the-relationship-and-sustainability-of-public-debt-for-saarc-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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IPO Intra Industry Effects on Peer Firm's Earnings, Composition and Stock Returns Muhammad Irfan Khadim Samreen Fahim Babar IPO Event CAR Time Lag BHAR HHI The present study is conducted to see how an IPO event affects the existing firm's performance within the same industry. For this purpose, 88 IPO firms were examined from Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) from 1998-2016. IPO is examined from three major perspectives IPO proceeds, initial returns and time Lag between IPO listing date and IPO subscription. The study uses Buy and Hold Abnormal Returns (BHAR) and Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CAR) to calculate competitor's abnormal returns. To calculate the operating performance of competitors, the Wilcoxon significance test was applied. IPO intra-industry effects are significant in the long run, whereas insignificant results are shown in the short run. In addition, IPO proceeds and abnormal returns are significant but negatively related to competitors' stock returns (long term). Moreover, Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI) finds IPO improves competitiveness in the industry environment. This present study is an important one from an emerging economy perspective. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/ipo-intra-industry-effects-on-peer-firms-earnings-composition-and-stock-returns https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on Unemployment in Pakistan Atiq Ur Rahman Salyha Zulfiqar Ali Shah Qamar uz Zaman Exchange Rate Volatility Unemployment Economy of Pakistan Unemployment is an alarming issue for bothdeveloped and developing countries, which sometimesvaries from region to region as well. Unemployment accompaniedwith Exchange Rate Volatility (ERV, hereafter) worsens thesituation. This paper tries to explore the relationship between ERVand unemployment and other selected factors in the case ofPakistan from 1980 to 2018. After necessary simulation, the studysupported the analyses through the autoregressive distributed lagmodel. Where, long-run coefficient reveals that ERV and exportsboth are positively affecting unemployment; whereas, import isinversely related to unemployment. Alternatively, export and GDPare inversely affecting unemployment in the short run; further,stability tests also support the relationship between the selectedvariables to achieve the long-run equilibrium. The study furthersuggests that the Government of Pakistan need to stabilizeexchange rate to control unemployment, which is 8 percent in thelong-run and 11 percent in the short run. Humanity Publications MPhil, Department of Economics, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-exchange-rate-volatility-on-unemployment-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Strategic and Economic Importance of Chabahar Port.. Fakhr ul Munir Shaukat khan Nelofer Ihsan Strategic Engagement Chabahar Stakeholders Gateway Due to China's engagement in the Gwadar Port,India has hastened the process of becoming ashareholder and stakeholder in Chabahar Port in order tocounter the Chinese threat. Chabahar is India's gateway toCentral and South Asia. It is Iran's intention to link and accessthese countries through the building of the Chabahar Port. Withthe expansion of these connections between South Asia andCentral Asia, West Asian countries and Europe via Chabahar,not only will Iran gain, but so will the nations of these regions.Iran will be able to play a key role as a result of these linkages,which will increase the strategic importance of Iran andChabahar. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/strategic-and-economic-importance-of-chabahar-port https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Road to Openness: Implications of Globalization for Education in Pakistan.... Muhammad Abdullah Atif Ali Gill Ayza Shoukat Globalization Education Government Expenditures Time Series Co-integration The current study discusses the implications of globalization for education in Pakistan. Time series data from 1980 to 2019 has been used. KOF Index of globalization has been used as a composite measure of globalization. This index is based on three aspects of globalization: economic, social, and political. For education, the study employed the annual data for the adult literacy rate. Other supporting variables are government expenditures, private consumption, and urban population. The long-run and short-run relationships have been determined by using Johan sen Co-integration and VECM, respectively. The empirical results unequivocally show the existence of co-integration, which confirms the presence of a long-run relationship in the model. The negative and significant value of the ECT (-1)term further defends the existence of the long-run relationship. The study suggests that government should take measures to maximize the fruits of globalization. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/road-to-openness-implications-of-globalization-for-education-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Empirical Analysis of Poverty Reduction and Governance in Pakistan: A Qualitativ.. Muhammad Shahid Rana Khalid Mehmood Muhammad Naeem Anjum Governance Poverty Co-integration Stability of Econometric Model ARDL Bound Test Approach Government stability, law, and order, internal conflict, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, quality of bureaucracy, corruption, external conflict,investment profile, military in politics, religious tensions, and ethnic are the key policy variables that are directly and strongly correlated with all strategies and measures to reduce poverty. And these are summarised in one terminology, i.e., 'Governance'. So,quality of governance is crucial to lessen hunger. However, this idea is not empirically tested, especially in the case of the sub-continent. First of all, this paper presents a statistical analysis of this phenomenon in the case of the sub-continent and then offers to make an econometric analysis of the link between political governance and strategies of poverty reduction in the case of Pakistan. Time series data from the year 1984 to 2015 is used for econometric analysis. After checking stationary of variables, co-integration among variables, stabilities of an econometric model,ARDL technique is used for estimation. What follows is the conclusion that that governance is directly affecting the schemes to reduce poverty. Moreover, the pragmatic recommendations foreduction in poverty are given in this paper. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor/Head, Department of Economics, Government Graduate College Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan Ph.D. Scholar, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor of Business Administration, University of Sargodha, Bhakkar Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/empirical-analysis-of-poverty-reduction-and-governance-in-pakistan-a-qualitative-comparison-with-subcontinent https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Income Inequalities among Earners Engaged in Selected Occupations and Profession.. Rafit Saheed Nauman Ahmad Mirza Tahir Rahim Income Inequality; Occupations and Professions HIES OLS GE Decomposition Analysis The current study investigates income in equalities among earners engaged in different occupations and professions in Pakistan using HIES data for 2010-11 and 2015-16, focusing on their yearly income. Income equation and differences of income between subgroups of the population are estimated by using the OLS method. The generalized Entropy(GE) Class method is employed to evaluate the contribution of different subgroups of household characteristics and different in come sources in overall inequality. The regression-based decomposition method is used to assess decompose changes in income inequality by various socio-economic factors. OLS estimates conclude that all variables play a significant role in explaining the differences in income. All indices of GE method indicate that inequality within the group is a greater problem than inequality experiences between groups. The decomposition method shows a positive sign of inequality decomposition for most household characteristics and income sources which depicts that these determinants have greatly contributed to overall in come in equality. Humanity Publications School of Public Policy, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Econometrics and Statistics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Economics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/income-inequalities-among-earners-engaged-in-selected-occupations-and-professions-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Corporate Policy and Capital Structure Decisions: Empirical Evidence from Non- Financial Sectors of Pakistan Faiz Rasool Kashif Hamid Muhammad Yasir Saeed Corporate Policy Capital Structure Leverage Earning Volatility Capital structure is expressed as the mixture of long-term debt and equity that a company uses in its financing composition. The importance of long-term financing in any business cannot be misjudged because it identifies the choice of optimal financing mix for the long-run survival of the business. The basic purpose of this study is to identify the behavior of financing composition through main corporate financial decisions in the non-financial sector of Pakistan. Data has been taken for 52 non-financial companies for 2015-2020. Outcomes of the study have been retrieved through OLS, Fixed Effect, Random Effect Model and Housman Test by using Views software. The main corporate financial policies regarding leverage decisions include a firm's profitability, earning volatility, firm size, non-debt tax shield, and liquidity. Results identified that earning volatility, liquidity and profitability of the firm have a negative but significantly related to leverage; on the other hand,the study denotes that assets tangibility, not debt tax shield, firm size positively related to leverage. However as per fixed effect model earning volatility, liquidity and profitability has negative significant impact on leverage whereas, assets tangibility and firm size has positive significant impact on leverage. It is concluded that earning validity,liquidity and profitability are negative determinants of the firm's leverage. Whereas, assets tangibility and firm size are the positive determinants of the leverage. The corporate policy regarding these determinants should be well recognized while designing the capital structure of the organization. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Business Management Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Business Management Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/corporate-policy-and-capital-structure-decisions-empirical-evidence-from-non-financial-sectors-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Sustainable Growth and Profitability in the Pakistani Insurance Sector: An Intellectual Capital Perspective Syed Muhamad Basit Raza Bukhari Muhammad Abubakar Shoaib Aemin Nasir Sustainable Growth Earnings Profitability Intellectual Capital Insurance Companies Pakistan In this new era of knowledge-based systems, financial institutions tend to improve as per performance standards using tangible and intangible resources. Intellectual capital (IC) gained much attention and in the recent past has encouraged the researchers to shed light on the connection of IC.The insurance companies plays a vital role in the financial system.This study investigates the impact of IC on the insurance sector's performance, i.e. sustainable growth (SGR), earnings and profitability, using value-added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) and modified value-added intellectual coefficient (MVAIC) methods. In addition, among all the IC elements, the study finds physical capital/capital employed (CE) and human capital (HC) most contributing factors in IC performance, whereas structural capital(SC) needs more focus to enhance the performance. Furthermore,the results suggest more attention towards relational capital (RC)as the study finds it's a positive impact on the performance, but it continues to remain insignificant. This study will be prospectively helpful for academics, policymakers, economists and managers.This study enlightens the IC's role in achieving sustainable growth. Humanity Publications PhD, Management Science and Engineering, School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China. Department of Economics and Finance, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD, Management Science, School of Business Management, University Utara Malaysia 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/sustainable-growth-and-profitability-in-the-pakistani-insurance-sector-an-intellectual-capital-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Investigating the Role of Economic Impediments in the Extent of Dropout of Females from Secondary Schools in District Bajaur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Pakistan Hammad Zada Saima Sarir Muhammad Jawad Cross-Sectional Study Education Economic Impediments Female Students Bajaur The titled study is concerned with the dropout of females from secondary schools in District Bajaur due to the economic impediments of the study population. A sample size of 169 respondents was taken possessively by using Sekaran criteria. A cross-sectional study design was developed for the collection of data according to the conceptual framework showing the dependent variable (Nature of Drop out) and independent variable (Economic Impediments). Furthermore,Uni variate and Bi-variate analysis was conducted through the use of SPSS software. After the analysis of data at the Bi-variate level, a highly significant association (P=0.000) was found between the Nature of Drop out and economic indicators(statements) namely the most dominant cause of high drop out ratio was financial problems, money was considered a wastage when it's spent on female education, money was well spent if sons are getting the education and parents prioritize boy's education more as compared to their girl child, along with the cultural norms and beliefs constraining females education, as well as parents, believed that religious education is more important than formal education. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Rural Sociology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Rural Sociology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Rural Sociology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/investigating-the-role-of-economic-impediments-in-the-extent-of-dropout-of-females-from-secondary-schools-in-district-bajaur-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-pakista https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Financial Development and Economic Growth an Advanced Econometric Modeling Approach Imran Khan Atiq ur Rehman Saud Ahmad Khan Financial Development Economic Growth Elastic Net Autometrics Extreme Bound Analysis Financial development is essential for economic growth for all economies. In the current study, we examine the importance of financial development on economic growth for different countries using advanced econometric techniques of model selection. We use Auto metrics, Elastic Net,and Extreme Bound Analysis to retain the variables that affect the economic growth by using the data (1980-2019) on 32 countries from different regions. We used an advanced approach (retention frequency) to investigate the relationship between financial development and economic growth. The results show that financial development is a significant retention frequency in the case of Asian, European, and American countries directly and indirectly. For in-sample forecasting, we use root mean square error (RMSE) and mean square prediction error (MSPE). Extreme Bound Analysis presents a superior predictive performance interms of the lowest RMSE and MPSE that are 1.03 and 0.05,respectively. Humanity Publications Econometrician, Department of Economics and Econometrics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Islamabad, Pakistan Associate Professor/Director, Kashmir Institute of Economics, Azad Jammu and Kashmir University, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics and Econometrics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/financial-development-and-economic-growth-an-advanced-econometric-modeling-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Heads' Leadership and Team Management Competencies on Teachers' Job Satisfaction at University Level Nazir Haider Shah Shabeena Shaheen Saima Asghar Leadership Styles Team Management Competencies Job Satisfaction Motivational Level Creative Climate Problem-solving This study is conducted to assess the impact of heads' leadership and team management competencies on teachers' job satisfaction at the university level. Mixed method research was used to conduct the study. Four universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad were randomly chosen. Four deans of social sciences, 40 heads of social sciences, and 175 faculty members were chosen as the sample. Deans of social sciences were interviewed for qualitative aspects. Two questionnaires were developed, one for heads and the other for teachers for quantitative analysis. Statistical and descriptive evidence of the study concluded that heads' leadership and team management significantly contribute towards teachers' job satisfaction level. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Kotli, AJ&K, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-heads-leadership-and-team-management-competencies-on-teachers-job-satisfaction-at-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Assessing the Impact of Hazara Motorway on Hotel Industry Growth in Hazara Region Under the China- Pakistan Economic Corridor, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Rafit Saheed Armaghan Khan Sumair Ahmad Binary Logistic Model CPEC Hotel Industry Growth Hazara Region This research work explores the influence of the CPEC on hotel industry progress in the Hazara region. Using a purposive simple random sample approach, the primary data was collected through questionnaire from 112 hotel managers/owners by addressing their responses to aspects related to the future hotel industry growth forecasts in the Hazara region under the CPEC. The technique used for the analysis of the study is logistic regression. The results show that hotel facility score, manager's awareness of CPEC, investment opportunities in hoteling industry under CPEC, the impact of the project seen in the region after initiating of project, and increase of tourist due to E-35 CPEC motorway are contributing to the growth of hoteling industry under the CPEC. The study concludes that it is expected that in the future, demand for tourism will increase, so there is a need to enhance the infrastructure and standards of hotels on the international level. Humanity Publications School of Public Policy, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Business Studies, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. Research Associate, Ministry of Commerce, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/assessing-the-impact-of-hazara-motorway-on-hotel-industry-growth-in-hazara-region-under-the-china-pakistan-economic-corridor-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-provinc https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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An Anthropological Study of Religious Economies at the Shrine of Shah Rukn-e- Alam, Multan Tayyaba Batool Tahir Religious Economies Shah Rukn-e-Alam Shrine Commodification of Religion Shrine is a place that has religious, cultural, and political significance, especially in Pakistani society. People visit shrines regularly and perform various religious rituals for the pilgrimage of Sufi saints and fulfillment of their needs. This paper analyses the economic underpinnings of various rituals practiced at the shrine of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, Multan. The interplay of religion and economy at shrines is a relatively under-discussed field of study. Drawing on my ethnographic fieldwork at the shrine of Shah Ruk-e-Alam, this study explores various ritualistic practices involving the exchange system, distribution, and reciprocity. For this research, I have focused on three groups of people who are involved in varied forms of exchange like reciprocity, redistribution, and market economy.This study concludes that there are multi-layered meanings of different religious economies performed at the Shrine of ShahRukn-e-Alam, which highlight the religification of commodities and commodification of religion at varied levels. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/an-anthropological-study-of-religious-economies-at-the-shrine-of-shah-rukne-alam-multan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Skill-biased Impact of Trade Liberalization on Employment in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan Jabbar Ul-Haq Sana Khanum Kashif Imran Skilled Labor Sectoral Study Trade Liberalization Pakistan This study explores the association between trade liberalization and skilled employment from 1990 to 2005. Our estimation approach analyzes how skilled employment is affected by the protection rate. Trade liberalization and skilled employment are associated.Liberalization has increased skilled employment in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. The findings also indicated a significant link between skilled labor and lagged policy. The results are also robust after including the different trade-related variables. The policy insinuation is that the government should provide free education programs and technical packages in their economies to gain from the benefits of trade liberalization. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/skillbiased-impact-of-trade-liberalization-on-employment-in-the-manufacturing-sector-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Initiation of Housing Micro Finance in Pakistan: A New Paradigm Shift in Housing Market Muhammad Salman Fariha Tariq Minahil Nawaz Conventional Banks Incremental Housing Informal Sector Housing Finance Microfinance Housing is the third most important necessity of a human being. Every human being needs a housing unit to live in. Recently, with globalization and urbanization, the demand for housing has increased manifold, whereas the supply has remained the same. Similarly, in Pakistan, the value of land and building in urban areas increased exponentially. The lowincome class could not afford a housing unit as they did not have the resources to buy or construct a housing unit at once. With new trends, the low-income people would buy a piece of land on the urban periphery and construct the housing unit in increments. The availability of funds was the key factor in this approach. With the availability of microfinance services in the market, the availability of funds has increased for the low-income groups. The research aims to study the difference between the working of different financing institutes and banks and to formulate recommendations based on the collected data. Humanity Publications Lecturer, School of Architecture & Planning, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, School of Architecture & Planning, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Architecture & Planning, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/initiation-of-housing-micro-finance-in-pakistan-a-new-paradigm-shift-in-housing-market https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Women Status in Labour Market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.. Tamanna Bibi Amjad Amin Jabbar ul Haq Labour Market Women Status Labor Force Participation Multinomial Model This study analyses the woman's status labourmarket of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Four workingstates: self-employed, paid employees, and unpaid family helperswere investigated. Data were collected about individuals andhousehold characteristics of women aged between (15-60) yearsfrom the Pakistan Social and Living Standard MeasurementSurvey (PSLM, 2014-15). The estimated results based onMultinomial Logit (MNL) suggest a positive and significant impactof women's age on all working categories in the labour market. Thewoman who owns a house, or the married woman, with multiplechildren or having a combined family system, or the residents ofthe countryside have less likelihood to take part in paid works.Participation in paid works decreases with the increase in thenumber of children, whereas participation in self-employmentincreases with the increase in the number of children. Theprobability of female participation in all four working statesincreases with the increase in the number of working individualsin the family. Whereas, probability of women's participation in thelabor market decrease with the Joint family system, house owning,marriage, or higher household income. Humanity Publications PhD Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/women-status-in-labour-market-of-khyber-pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Strategic and Economic Importance of Gwadar for China and other Regional and Western States Fakhr ul Munir Nelofar Ihsan Sanaullah Gwadar China Western States Persian Gulf Indian Ocean Gwadar is a deep seaport that played the role of main communication and trade route among India and the Gulf States. In collaboration with China, Gwadar Port has been intended to be connected with Afghanistan and via Afghanistan to Central Asia through road links. If we take the case of the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, it is Gwadar Port that allows China to counterbalance the Indo-US supremacy. Beijing now has the ability to counterbalance Indian maritime activities in the Indian Ocean by praising and acknowledging this Port. Gwadar Port's distance from Pakistan's Karachi Port and India's Gujarat and Mumbai naval stations allows China to observe Indo-US naval operations in the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. Persia Gulf is responsible for over 60% of Beijing's energy supply demands. This phenomenon, in the long run, allows Beijing to monitor and control the sea lanes of communication (SLOCs) from the Persian Gulf to the Indian Ocean and up to the Strait of Hormuz. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/strategic-and-economic-importance-of-gwadar-for-china-and-other-regional-and-western-states https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Stock Returns Volatility of Commercial Banks in Pakistan Niaz Muhammad Wisal Ahmad Yousaf Khan Microeconomics Stock Return Volatility Inflation Rate Commercial Banks This study aims to determine the impact of macroeconomic variables on the stock return volatility of commercial banks in Pakistan. The macroeconomic variables used in this study are Interest rate, Exchange rate,Inflation rate, Balance of payment, and level of unemployment.Convenience sampling is used for this study. Panel data was invited for use in this study for analysis for the time period stated from 2007-to 2017. Data was collected from the data stream. Ont he basis of some econometric tests, a fixed-effect model was used.It was found that interest rate, exchange rate, and balance of payment have a positive while the inflation rate has a negative impact on stock return volatility of commercial banks in Pakistan.But unemployment has no significant impact thereon. This result is totally significant (P Humanity Publications Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-macroeconomic-factors-on-stock-returns-volatility-of-commercial-banks-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Personal Characteristics of Finance Ministers as a key Determinate of Changes in Interest Rates: The Case of 35 OECDS Nations Nadia Bashir Abdur Rahman Mujib ur Rahman Personal Characteristics Determinate of Changes Interest Rates This research made use of a one-of-a-kind data collection including the personal characteristics of finance ministers from 35 nations that are members of the OECD (2007-2020). In this paper, an effort is made to analyze the influence of scientific publications by finance ministers on the interest rates of OECD member nations' governments. Data is collected from World Bank. A multiple regression model is employed to examine the effects of additional factors. The finding reveals that the correlation is negative and the impact is considerable, the degree of the effect is sensitive to the magnitude of the correlation. In contrast, the educational background of a finance minister, as well as other characteristics such as exports,imports, gross domestic product (GDP), and net trades, has a major influence on the short-term interest rate and long-term interest rate of OECD member nations. Humanity Publications MS Economics, Lahore lead University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Economics, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/personal-characteristics-of-finance-ministers-as-a-key-determinate-of-changes-in-interest-rates-the-case-of-35-oecds-nations https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Water, Sanitation, and Malnutrition in Pakistan: Challenge for Sustainable Devel.. Rafit Saheed Hafsa Hina Muhammad Shahid Malnutrition Water Sanitation SDGs PDHS Pakistan This paper aims to analyze the water, sanitation, and malnutrition situation in Pakistan and to evaluate the sustainable development goals situation. To find the association, this study applies a chi-square test utilizing a sample of 3,575 children of age less than five years, extracted from the data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-18. The results of chi-square show that underweight and stunting have a significant association with water and sanitation in Pakistan. Pakistan's progress in sustainable development goals is yet slow, especially targets of goal 3 and goal 6, which are far behind other countries of the region. The study concludes that there is a need to allocate more resources in programs such as water, sanitation, nutrition, and poverty reduction to uplift the socio-economic standard of the common folk. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, School of Public Policy, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Head of PIDE School of Social Sciences, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. Former MPhil Scholar, Department of Health Economics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/water-sanitation-and-malnutrition-in-pakistan-challenge-for-sustainable-development https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Colonialism to Neo-Colonialism: The Chinese Use of Foreign Direct Investment and.. Rao Raza Hashim Bushra Arfeen Colonialism Neo-Colonialism Foreign Direct Investment China Pakistan United States The practice of neo-colonialism was initially introduced by the United States through the establishment of institutions like the Bretton Woods Institutions (IMF and World Bank) and continuing the legacy, China soon took over and had been using FDI to further its neo-colonial agenda in various parts of the world, including Pakistan. This research explores the history of colonization in the Sub-Continent and traces the origins of neo-colonization with a focus of the United States as a pioneer of the practice and China as the contemporary neo-colonizer. The research traces the transition from colonialism to neo-colonialism and examines the case of Pakistan as a victim of neo-colonialism, presenting the case based on evidence. The paper concludes that neo-colonialism is indeed colonialism with a changed outlook and proposes certain recommendations for Pakistan to minimize the impact of Chinese colonialism. Humanity Publications Professor, School of Management, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Associate, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/colonialism-to-neocolonialism-the-chinese-use-of-foreign-direct-investment-and-the-case-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Macroeconomic Factors Determining the Growth of Pakistan.... Nighat Hanif Irfan Hussain Khan Faisal Shahzad Economic Growth Macroeconomic Variables ARDL This study attempts to explore the relation of External Debt, Terms of Trade, Education,Military expenditures, Consumer Price Index, and Gross Domestic Production of Pakistan throughout 1997-2019. To estimate the targeted objectives of this research Auto Regressive Distributive Lags (ARDL) technique was used. The results revealed some facts that Military expenditures an deducation were essential to achieve the goal of the high growth rate of the economy in the form of Gross Domestic Production.So policymakers should adopt strong strategies. Education should be as skilled and technical as possible and produce military equipment to save foreign exchange. CPI, TOT, andExd should be properly regulated because of their negative impact on GDP. CPI affects the people, so fiscal policy should be adopted. Without external debt, governments feel helpless,so breaking this trap is essential for dignity and development.The model has a dampening convergence towards equilibrium Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Ph.D. Scholar, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Ex-MPhil Scholar, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/macroeconomic-factors-determining-the-growth-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Corporate Governance's Role in Mitigating Earnings Manipulations: Evidence from Asian Economies Yasar Abbas Zaheer Abbas Corporate Governance Audit Committee Earnings Management Asian Economies The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between corporate governance and earnings management in Asian emerging economies Pakistan,India, and Malaysia. The annual financial data of 196 listed non-financial firms for ten years (2010 - 2019) was used as a sample of the study. Panel data fixed-effect method was appropriate for this study. The findings of the current study established a negative association between corporate governance attributes (board of directors and the audit committee) and accrual earnings management. Boards and audit committees with the right characteristics boost stakeholder and shareholder loyalty and retention. Corporate governance is getting much significance in developing economies to establish the trust of regulators,investors, and economic analysts in emerging economies. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/corporate-governances-role-in-mitigating-earnings-manipulations-evidence-from-asian-economies https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Gender-based Comparison of Management Practices of Principals: A Study of the Colleges of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Nazir Haider Shah Muhammad Naqeeb ul Khalil Shaheen Asghar Abbas Management Practices College Principals Azad Jammu and Kashmir The main purpose of the present study was to compare the current management practices of boys and girls degree colleges of AJ and K. The study was descriptive in nature, and the cross-sectional survey was used for the collection of data. Seventy principals and 140 teachers of the Mirpur Division were the populations of this study, out of which 50principals (23 male and 27 female) and 100 teachers (46 male and54 female) were selected as a sample of the study using proportionate stratified random sample technique. A questionnaire on the five-point Likert Scale was developed to collect data from principals and teachers. The researcher visited the sample colleges and collected the data. The data was analyzed by using mean, standard deviation, and independent-sample t-test. It was found that that male principals and coordinators are better at the planning of different programs than females.Furthermore, female principals and coordinators are performing better in directing the staff as compared to male principals and coordinators. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Teacher, Department of School Education, Punjab, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/genderbased-comparison-of-management-practices-of-principals-a-study-of-the-colleges-of-azad-jammu-and-kashmir https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Asset Price Channel of Monetary Policy in Pakistan Saleem Shah Irfan Hussain Khan Alamgir Khan Asset Price Channel Monetary Transmission Money Supply VAR Model This study has used Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR)model approach to analyze the Asset Price Channel of Monetary Transmission (APCMT) regarding Pakistan. Study use the date period of 34 years from 1980 to 2 14. Major findings of the study are; stock prices have bi-directional causality with industrial price index and money rte. Granger causality test was employed to check multi-directional causality between stock prices and industrial product index, money supply, money market rate,and consumer price index, whereas stock prices do not have significant causality with money supply and consumer price in ex.Descriptive statistics are used to check the normality of the data,and mean, median, standard deviation, Jerq-Berra, maximum and minimum values were calculated through descriptive statistics approach. For policy designing, this study has some important implications, and it gives emphasis on financial prices instead of credit to achieve the objective of the monetary policy of Pakistan. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Clark University, MA, USA. PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Economics, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/asset-price-channel-of-monetary-policy-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-IV).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Rational Choice Theory: An Economic Analysis of Hardy's The Return of the Native Shahbaz Afzal Bezar Munnzza Noreen Rana Imran Ali Benefits Choices Economics Hardy Rational Offenders Rational Choice Theory is a fundamental theory of economics deals with the behavior of an individual in which an actor chooses an action rationally in order to minimize costs and maximize benefits. Several studies have been accomplished on RTC in the frame of reference to the law,criminology, sociology, etc., but only in a small number of researches, RCT has been applied to literature. A realistic piece of literature demands a rational-choice explanation, but the novels of Hardy-'historian of Wessex' have not yet been studied from the perspective of an economic theory, RCT. The purpose of the present study is to widen the compass of RCT and to produce the plurality of meaning of Hardy's The Return of the Native. Employing the method of textual analysis, the present qualitative study explored:i. reflection of RCT in individual actors,' i.e., Eustacia and Wild eve's preference to their available choices; ii. Eustacia's economic and Clym's unprofitable interest in life from the perspective of RCT; iii. reflection of Offender’s Rational Choice Theory in the actions of Eustacia, Wild eve, and Dig gory from The Return. Humanity Publications Head of English Department, Government Graduate College Satiana Road, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of English, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Head of English Department, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/rational-choice-theory-an-economic-analysis-of-hardys-the-return-of-the-native https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-IV).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Dynamic Effect of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Growth: Role of Governance and Macroeconomic Stability Zenab Faizullah Zilakat Khan Malik Fiscal Decentralization Governance and Macroeconomic Stability This study investigates the effects of decentralization on output growth in the case of South Asian countries over the period of 1996 to 2018. Further, the study investigates the existence of complementarities between fiscal decentralization with the quality of institutions and macroeconomic stability is affecting economic growth. In order to obtain some flawless results, the study uses a more state-of-the-art technique. The results of Westerlund's co integration test confirm the existence of a long run equilibrium between economic growth and its determinants such as decentralization, human capital,investment, budget deficit, trade openness, governance, and macroeconomic stability. The results of the CS-ARDL method confirm that fiscal decentralization is positively linked with growth, as suggested by the theory. The results further show that the decentralization - growth nexus is strengthened with the improvement in governance and macroeconomic stability. Hence,it is not only fiscal decentralization but its interaction with other factors that enhance output growth. Humanity Publications Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-dynamic-effect-of-fiscal-decentralization-on-economic-growth-role-of-governance-and-macroeconomic-stability https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-IV).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Impact of Knowledge Sharing on Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Employee Motivation in Banking Sector of Pakistan Fauzia Ahmed Organizational Commitment as (OC) knowledge Sharing as (KS) The aim of this research is to study the impact of organizational commitment on employee motivation with the knowledge sharing mediation effect.The study was conducted in the localities of Karachi city with a population of banking sector employees; sample sizes of 200 employees were drawn from the population. Structural Equation modeling was used as a major technique to carry out the analysis. SMART PLS software is used for testing the effects of mediating, dependent and independent variables. The results demonstrated that there is existence of strongly positive relationship between dependent variable; employee motivation and independent variable;organizational commitment that is mediated by knowledge sharing. From the perspectives of social exchange and leader member exchange theory, this study demonstrated how knowledge-sharing practices controls via organizational-commitment with employee motivation. Humanity Publications Lecturer/Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Management Sciences(IMS), University of Balochistan, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-knowledge-sharing-on-relationship-between-organizational-commitment-and-employee-motivation-in-banking-sector-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-IV).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Investor Perception of Cryptocurrency: A Moderating Role of Social Media on Decision-Making Aman Khan Reham Anjum Muqadas Khan Social Media Investment Decisions Cryptocurrency Behavioral Finance Information from Social Media In all probability, the field of finance has been studied at great length. Still and all, the behavior aspect of finance is relatively new; wherefore, it remains wide open for great exploration. Over the years, social media has grown taller by leaps and bounds. This served as the main spark plug for this study to explore the field of behavioral finance in the light of social media. Thence the aim of this research is to study the impact of information flowing from social media (SM) on investment decision-making and to see whether social media acts as a moderator between risk perception and decision-making. The study is quantitative in nature, and the data was culled using an adapted questionnaire. The sample size of this study, as computed through G power, was 64, and 102 investors actually recorded their responses. The data was analyzed through SPSS software using Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Humanity Publications Student, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Student, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/investor-perception-of-cryptocurrency-a-moderating-role-of-social-media-on-decisionmaking https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-IV).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Situation of Poverty in Pakistan and its commitments with respect to Sustainable Development Goals: prospects and challenges Sardar M. A. Waqar Khan Arif Bushra Bannian Syed Mudasser Fida Gardazi Poverty Alleviation Pakistan's Commitments Sustainable Development Goals Economic Instability This article focuses on situational analysis of poverty and economic growth in Pakistan. It discusses Pakistan's commitments and achievements with respect to sustainable development goals (SDGs). The methodology used in this paper is qualitative and the analytical method is followed. The argument developed throughout the article is that Pakistan, as an underdeveloped country, needs further improvement with respect to formulating policies and implementing said policies for the fulfillment of SDGs. The paper concludes that special measures may betaken into consideration by government in order to progressively realize the implementation of norms pertaining to poverty alleviation and economic instability and for the protection of basic human rights in the country. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Law, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Assistant Professor of Law, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/situation-of-poverty-in-pakistan-and-its-commitments-with-respect-to-sustainable-development-goals-prospects-and-challenges https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392269 2022-03-30 ger

Impact of Supervisor Support on Employee Task Performance: Developing and Testing of an Integrated Sequential Mediated Model Shazia Akhtar Supervisor Support Task Performance Disclosure Reliance Felt obligation The aim of the paper was to develop and test an integrated model of supervisor support and employee task performance with sequential mediation of reliance, disclosure, and felt an obligation. Data was collected through self-administrated questionnaires from public sector organization’s employees. Overall, 228 samples were collected by using purposive sampling techniques. SEM was applied for testing the sequential mediation. The results revealed that supervisor support has a significant impact on employee task performance. Reliance and felt obligation are also playing a positive sequential mediation role in the said relationship. The second path disclosure and felt obligation also shows the supporting sequential path. Humanity Publications Department of Management Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-supervisor-support-on-employee-task-performance-developing-and-testing-of-an-integrated-sequential-mediated-model https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Shift of Global Political Economy to Asia: Case Study of RCEP Mariam Tahir Ashfaq Ahmad China RCEP USA Pakistan India Asia World Politics Regional Integration Bloc The Geopolitical Landscape The year 2020 has proven to be quite a resounding for global politics has undergone radical and significant changes leaving deep imprints on the geopolitical landscape of central power politics. This year the COVID-19 pandemic wreaked havoc, bringing about unprecedented scales of bars on the pace of globalization. The U.U.U.ithdrew from Afghanistan after nearly two decades of a bloody war on terror. China consolidated its rise as a new hegemon in the shape of a Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The decreasing influence of the USA has provided China with ample opportunity to register itself as the new rising hegemon of the world. However, it has already established itself as a dominant player on the chessboard of Asian politics. The consolidation of RCEP as a new emerging economic bloc has cautioned the west of its diminishing influence and shrinking markets. It has opened up many prospects for South Asian countries, especially India and Pakistan, to embark upon a trade boom economic development depending on their choice of joining it. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Peace and Conflict Studies, National University Of Modern Languages (Numl), Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Peace and Conflict Studies, National University Of Modern Languages (Numl), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/a-shift-of-global-political-economy-to-asia-case-study-of-rcep https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Potential of "University Waqf" as an Inclusive Strategy to Develop Entrepreneurship in Islamic College Era Sonita Helmi Henmaidi Waqf University Waqf Management Model of University Waqf Cash waqf is a potential instrument both in the social and in financial side whereby it has a positive trend to the development of economic and Islamic financing. Waqf mechanism which holds waqf property, has been success creating the group of funds and properties which is submitted and managed by designated authority (trustee) foralms based on sharia principles. Besides the functions and forms which have been proofed to assist Muslim development, waqf institutions have been developed and contributed to the increasing of the Muslim community in Indonesia. Based on the literature review, several explanations which need further clarification is how waqf can be education fund sources in Islamic colleges in Indonesia. This paper aims to explain the strategic role and the contribution of university cash waqf to generate Muslim entrepreneurs through scholarship, research,community empowerment, social programs around campus,competency development, increasing literacy of waqf and zakat, and productive waqf (business center, business incubation). Humanity Publications Nat'l Institute of Islamic Religion (IAIN) Bukittinggi, West Sumatera, Indonesia Andalas University Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia Lecture at Andalas University Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-potential-of-university-waqf-as-an-inclusive-strategy-to-develop-entrepreneurship-in-islamic-college https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Analysis of Sustainability Disclosure and Performance Indicators in Pakistan to Determine the Value Relevance of Sustainability Reporting Nosheen Rasool Muhammad Sohail Muhammad Mubashir Hussain CSR Sustainability reporting Corporate disclosure Performance indicators The aim of the research is twofold: first, to measure the corporate sustainability disclosure determination rate (CSDR) and examine its relationship with sustainability performance indicators (SPI). Second, to analyze the value relevance of sustainability investment (SI) with corporate financial performance (FP) from a sample of the top 85 companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Using content analysis, we developed a sustainability reporting index based on 20 indicators, and robust statistical methods were also applied to analyze the linkage between CSDR - SPI and SI- FP using a regression analysis for panel data. The content analysis of data shows that to some extent,companies disclose non-financial information on community development, social, and environmental progression. The findings of the study indicate the absence of a significant relationship between CSDR -SPI and SI - FP, and Pakistani companies do not enjoy the financial benefits of sustainability investments. Humanity Publications Department of Commerce and Finance, Government College University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Commerce and Finance, Government College University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Management Studies Department, Government College University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/analysis-of-sustainability-disclosure-and-performance-indicators-in-pakistan-to-determine-the-value-relevance-of-sustainability-reporting https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392829 2018-12-30 ger

The Impact of Judicial activism on The Economic Matters of Pakistan Noman Gul Naghma Farid Muhammad Siraj Khan Economic Sector Judicial Activism Independence of the Judiciary. A well-established judiciary ensures a conducive environment for economic growth; relations between legal fraternity and investment have been interlinked, if there is no stable judiciary political miser ability, loopholes in securitymatters, law and order scenario, and energy situation shall be in a worse position. On the contrary, an efficient judiciary shall safeguard and protect the confidentiality of the business class in the country. For the smooth functioning of the economic sector property rights,contracts, and non-discriminatory behaviour on the part of the government ensures economic growth, investors always fear fake accountability and threatening situation in the country. Humanity Publications Nawab Allah Nawaz Khan Law College, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Nawab Allah Nawaz Khan Law College, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Nawab Allah Nawaz Khan Law College, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-judicial-activism-on-the-economic-matters-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392830 2022-03-30 ger

Nexus Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Financial Performance: The Mediating Effect of Intangible Assets Zulfiqar Ali Anjum Faqir Sajjad Ul Hassan Hidayat Khan Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Identity Corporate Image Corporate Financial Performance This study aims to examine intangible assets as mechanisms underlying the direct corporate social responsibility (CSR)-corporate financial performance (CFP) relationship. Based on signalling theory, we developed an integrated model taking the corporate image (CIM) and corporate identity (CID) as double mediators between the relation ship of CSR and CFP. Using the convenience sampling procedure, we dispersed an anonymous survey to employees and customers in 33 multi-national companies working in Pakistan. The structural equation-al modelling using Smart PLS 3.0 on 456 valid responses revealed the best fit for the study measurement and structural models. Further, the mediation analyses of intangible assets in the simple form identified both CIM and CID have partial indirect effects on the CSR-CFP relationship.Our overall mediation model taking both mediators simultaneously,revealed the full mediation effect of the CSR-CFP connection.Specifically, we found that corporate image has higher relative significance than the CID in the mediation model. However, both simultaneously result in greater CFP for the firms. Humanity Publications PhD Scholars, Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholars, Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/nexus-between-corporate-social-responsibility-and-corporate-financial-performance-the-mediating-effect-of-intangible-assets https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392831 2022-03-30 ger

Estimating the Supply Response of Cured Tobacco at Barn Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Sajjad Zahoor ul Haq Javed Iqbal Tobacco barn; Supply Response Translog profit function Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Various aspects of tobacco have been examined through different studies. However, input demand and supply response of tobacco at the barn level remains unknown. This study examines profitability, input demand, and supply response of tobacco in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by employing a normalized restricted trans log profit function. The findings indicate that tobacco production is profitable, and barn owners in the province are responsive to changes in output and input market prices. The use of labor and fuel wood in the processing of green leaves is very important in resource allocation decisions. The demand for labor and fuel wood increases as the price of tobacco output rises at the barn level. Furthermore, higher input prices have anegative effect on the province's tobacco supply. This study suggests that the government should seek an alternative to fuel wood that wouldn't only help in reducing costs but also be beneficial to the environment and prevent deforestation. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar (Economics), Department of Economics, Pakhtunkhwa Economic Policy Research Institute (PEPRI), Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Economics, Pakhtunkhwa Economic Policy Research Institute (PEPRI), Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Pakhtunkhwa Economic Policy Research Institute (PEPRI), Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/estimating-the-supply-response-of-cured-tobacco-at-barn-level-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392832 2022-03-30 ger

Restoration and Rehabilitation of Traditional Heritage for Sustainable Tourism Development: A Case Study of Tehjian Heritage Market, Neelum Valley, Azad Jammu and Kashmir Adnan Anwer Anas Mahmud Arif Abdul Hameed Restoration Rehabilitation Tehijan Heritage Market Sustainable Tourism Azad Jammu Cultural heritage is the property comprising monuments, buildings, and art specimens. It also includes intangible assets like language, religion, skills, and tradition. Heritage sites need to be preserved in the present day so that they can benefit future generations. But being exposed to both natural threats and human vandalism, many important heritage sites have disappeared from different parts of the world, including the Azad Jamun & Kashmir (AJ&K). The AJ&K region of Pakistan is blessed with an eye-catching landscape and rich cultural heritage. The region attracts millions of tourists from across the country and abroad due to its pleasant weather and scenic beauty. But this flow of tourists can only be seen during the summer. The flow can be sustained throughout the year if other sources, especially heritage sites, are promoted for cultural tourism. The Tehjian Heritage Market, located in the Nelum Valley, comprises 37 traditional wooden shops. This traditional market has been losing its value due to negligence and lack of management; thus needs to be revived for the promotion of sustainable cultural tourism. This paper presents a comprehensive rehabilitation plan for the restoration and revival of the Tehjian Heritage Market for sustainable tourism development. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Hazara University, Manshera, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Hazara University, Manshera, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Hazara University, Manshera, KP, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/restoration-and-rehabilitation-of-traditional-heritage-for-sustainable-tourism-development-a-case-study-of-tehjian-heritage-market-neelum-valley-azad-jammu-and-kashmir https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392833 2022-03-30 ger

Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) and Environmental Sustainability: A Case Study of the Banking Industry of Pakistan Mahreen Maqsood Waseem Shahid Malik Muhammad Imran Khan GHRM Environmental Sustainability Green Recruitment Green Performance Management The sustainability of the world is today threatened by the carelessness in actions of humans and organizations towards the environment. The objective of this study is to find out the role of those HR practices that lead to environmental sustainability. For this purpose,the study takes the banking sector for its evaluation. The main variables selected by this study, which are tested for their impact on environmental sustainability, are green recruitment, green training and development, green reward management system, and green performance management practice. The study selects a random sample of 122 respondents from different banks. ANOVA is used to test the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Results show that all the independent variables significantly affect the dependent variable in the banking industry. The study recommends banks adopt GHRM practices, including job rotation, conducting training and workshops, and setting green targets for everyone. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Quaid-e-Azam School of Management Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan State Bank of Pakistan Memorial Chair Lecturer, Department of Economics, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/green-human-resource-management-ghrm-and-environmental-sustainability-a-case-study-of-the-banking-industry-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392834 2022-03-30 ger

Impact of Hierarchy of Influence Model on Reporting from the Conflict Zone: An Assessment of the Journalists' Perceptions Mahboob Ali Zafar Iqbal Conflict Reporting Journalists' Perceptions Hierarchy of influence Model This study fills this gap and examines how various level of the hierarchy of influence model corresponds with the journalists' perceptions and which other influence may be powerful in case of conflict reporting. To get insights into the problems faced by the local journalists in conflict reporting and the media's role in reporting on conflict in today's communication environment, a close-ended questionnaire was developed. A total of 358 journalists were selected for the survey in 14 conflict zones identified in the country. The results show that sampled journalists reporting from the conflict zone are not influenced by their personal beliefs and convictions in conflict reporting.Moreover, we conclude that journalists are influenced by colleagues in other media, competing news organizations, and audiences, friends, and family), who have a significant influence on the journalists' performance in conflict reporting. Humanity Publications International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-hierarchy-of-influence-model-on-reporting-from-the-conflict-zone-an-assessment-of-the-journalists-perceptions https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392836 2022-03-30 ger

Determinants of Wealth Accumulation: Time Series Evidence from Pakistan Asghar Hussain Naveed Ali Izhar Ul Hassan Wealth Accumulation Genuine Savings Natural Resource Depletion Hartwick Rule Wealth sustainability has always remained a policy concern for policymakers in developing economies like Pakistan. This study has filled the gap by investigating weak sustainability and determinants of wealth accumulation for 46 years, from 1972 to 2017, in Pakistan. Wealth sustainability has been analyzed through the Genuine Savings (GS) Index.Moreover, the auto-regressive distributive lag (ARDL) model has been applied to find out the effects of wealth determining factors - which include Government expenditure, real gross domestic product (GDP),real money market rate, life expectancy, and real money supply - over wealth accumulation. Results of the GS estimate imply that during the reporting period, the economy is sustainable, and ARDL results show that the effects of government expenditure, real gross domestic product(GDP), and life expectancy on wealth accumulation are significant and positive in the long run, the effect of interest rate is positive but insignificant. Humanity Publications Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Department of Industries, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Department of Economics and Development Studies, University of Swat, KP, Pakistan. Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Planning and Development Department, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/determinants-of-wealth-accumulation-time-series-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392837 2022-03-30 ger

The Effects of Devaluation of Currency on Economic Growth: The Mediating Role of Current Account Deficit Naveed Ali Abdul Wahab Khalid Khan Devaluation Economic Growth Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) This study explores whether Pakistan's current account deficit-acted as a mediator in the linkage between the devaluation of the currency and the expansion of the economy from 1972 to 2016. All the variables have been shown to have a heterogeneous order of integration by using the Augmented Ducky Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP), and Ng-Parron unit root tests. As shown in this article, the Auto regressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL) is used to figure out how the variables are linked. The results clearly demonstrate that the current account balance fully mediates the relationship between devaluation of the currency and economic growth with a coefficient value of -0.12. Findings show that devaluation of the currency negatively affects the current account balance and economic growth. Moreover, through an indirect channel,the devaluation negatively affects the current account balance, which hampers economic growth. Humanity Publications Lecturer in Economics, Department of Economics and Development Studies University of Swat, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer in Economic, Government Poly technical institute, Sardar Garhi Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Economics, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-effects-of-devaluation-of-currency-on-economic-growth-the-mediating-role-of-current-account-deficit https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392838 2022-03-30 ger

Financial Derivatives Hedging: A Review of Islamic Finance at Cross Roads Rubeena Tashfeen Muhammad Mahmood Shah Khan Sheikh Khurram Abid Derivatives Islamic Finance Financial Markets Shariah Hedging Futures Options Principles of Islam advocate risk distribution and prohibit speculative activities. Therefore, financial derivatives under Islamic Sharia would achieve hedging in the true sense and could be applied more effectively to reduce risks and speculation. With the increased complexities of financial capital markets, effective financial instruments are required and Islamic financial derivatives may be the answer to averting a similar global financial crisis in the future. Based on various schools of thought and fiqh in Islam, we provide a critique of Islamic Sharia tenets in relation to conventional derivative instruments. We also illustrate how conventional financial derivatives may be integrated into Islamic finance an existing model. The key challenge for Islamic finance is agreement on a universal set of Islamic laws, regulations and principles that are acceptable across all the sects of Islam. As it is there is a non-consolidation of fatwas and a lack of a common Islamic jurisprudence.Our review highlights that the problem lies in the non-acceptance of a universally acceptable Islamic conceptual framework and not in the lack of financial engineering capability. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The University Of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/financial-derivatives-hedging-a-review-of-islamic-finance-at-cross-roads https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:393562 2022-03-30 ger

Socio-Economic Transformations and Urbanization in Colonial Multan Liaqat Ali Muhammad Shafiq Multan Religious Elites irrigation Economic Development Urbanization Sources of Communication Agrarian Development n 1849, the British occupied Multan city and carried out transformation sin areas like technical, administrative, canal colonies, and irrigation. Religiously and socially, Multan was distributed into three main groups i.e. Hindu, Muslim,and Sikhs. Having strong political backgrounds Muslim families such as Syed,Qurashi, Gilani, and Gardezi also influenced the economic scenario. This study focuses on the socio-economic transformations that were prevalent in the Multan region during British rule. Power and socio-economic backwardness results in an unfair distribution of resources in Multan. The Multan region is chosen for analysis as it was a major center of structural and urbanization transition and the economic resources that Britain brought to the region along with other parts of Punjab during the colonial period. These include changes to new irrigation systems, improved communications, and land revenue management. The focus of this study is the interaction between communities and colonial states. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB), Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB), Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/socioeconomic-transformations-and-urbanization-in-colonial-multan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:393773 2021-06-30 ger

Shifting Patterns from Defined Benefit to Defined Contributions: An Empirical Analysis of Selected OECD Countries Arslan Qayyum Aniqa Arslan Shariq Ayyubi Pension Funds’ Growth Defined Contribution Defined Benefit Occupation Pension Funds Employee Contribution Employer Contribution The goal of the study is to find out how the growth of pension funds and their accumulation factors are related. Step-wise regression approach was utilized on a dynamic panel data model to verify the individual significance of included variables in the model systematically in order to bring out the core accumulation elements which are driving the pension fund's development, and R2-change was observed for this purpose. The study explores that OECD economies behave differently on the bases of their growth perspective i.e., Defined Benefits, and Employers' Contributions are positively contributing to pension funds in HGO economies and negative in LGO ones, showing that DB is hardly practised in the latter ones and is replaced by DC plan. The approach utilized in this article could be of practical value to policymakers and data analysts in OECD pension funds departments when making decisions on pension fund governance and the underlying fundamental drivers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/shifting-patterns-from-defined-benefit-to-defined-contributions-an-empirical-analysis-of-selected-oecd-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:393780 2022-03-30 ger

Shifting Patterns from Defined Benefit to Defined Contributions: An Empirical Analysis of Selected OECD Countries Arslan Qayyum Aniqa Arslan Shariq Ayyubi Pension Funds' Growth Defined Contribution Defined Benefit Occupation Pension Funds Employee Contribution Employer Contribution The goal of the study is to find out how the growth of pension funds and their accumulation factors are related. Step-wise regression approach was utilized on a dynamic panel data model to verify the individual significance of included variables in the model systematically in order to bring out the core accumulation elements which are driving the pension fund's development, and R2-change was observed for this purpose. The study explores that OECD economies behave differently on the bases of their growth perspective i.e., Defined Benefits, and Employers' Contributions are positively contributing to pension funds in HGO economies and negative in LGO ones, showing that DB is hardly practised in the latter ones and is replaced by DC plan. The approach utilized in this article could be of practical value to policymakers and data analysts in OECD pension funds departments when making decisions on pension fund governance and the underlying fundamental drivers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/shifting-patterns-from-defined-benefit-to-defined-contributions-an-empirical-analysis-of-selected-oecd-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:393799 2021-06-30 ger

A Critical View of the Implications of Socioeconomic Status on Spousal Life in Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night Sana Riaz Ayaz Ahmad Aryan Saleh Ahmad Financial Hypothesis by Max Weber James Tyron Socioeconomic Status; Subjective Technique for Information Investigation The study aims to investigate the subject of financial status and its consequences for parenthood in the play Long Day’s Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neill. The study explores the personality of James Tyrone in the illumination of the financial hypothesis by Max Weber and its consequences for his social way of behaving inside the circle of his day-to-day life. The specialist applied a financial hypothesis and involved a subjective technique for information investigation. The research work investigated the personality of James Tyrone and reasoned that James Tyrone was an industrialist character whose main point was to bring in cash which seriously impacted his dayto-day life. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of English, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. MPhil. Scholar, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/a-critical-view-of-the-implications-of-socioeconomic-status-on-spousal-life-in-eugene-oneills-long-days-journey-into-night- https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(VI-II).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:394061 2022-03-30 ger

The Relationship of Social Influence and Awareness on Customer Intention to Use Islamic Banking: The Mediating Role of Attitude Hidayat Khan Faqir Sajjad Ul Hassan Kashif Saleem Social Influence Awareness Attitude Intention to use Islamic Banking The goal of this research is to explore the factors that affect customers' intention to adopt Islamic banking in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), and how attitude as a mediator plays a role in these factors. Based on the previous empirical research, we develop a model linking social influence as well as customer awareness and plan to use Islamic banking via attitude. In this cross-sectional study, a mix of the online and traditional methods of paper and pen survey approach was used. This gave us a total of 468 valid responses out of 700 questionnaires that were distributed. To test the proposed model, we used a partial least squares- structural equation model (PLS-SEM) with Smart PLS 3.2. The findings suggest that society has an effect and awareness influences customers' intention to use Islamic banking, and attitude is an important factor that shapes this intention. The study recommends that Islamic bank managers should focus on these factors to attract more customers. However, the study has limitations as it only includes a few factors and is limited to a specific geographical area of KP. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-relationship-of-social-influence-and-awareness-on-customer-intention-to-use-islamic-banking-the-mediating-role-of-attitude https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:394674 2022-03-30 ger

European Union's Political and Economic Changes in the Wake of Brexit Muhammad Qasim Khan Muhammad Muneeb Tariq Uffaq Khalid EU Brexit Political Economic Impacts Brexit refers to the withdrawal of Great Britain from the European Union, signifying a significant political shift in Europe's contemporary landscape. Its ramifications extend to both the economic and political trajectories of both the UK and the EU. In the midst of 2016, a pivotal referendum was conducted in the UK, aimed at determining whether the nation should remain within the EU or make an exit. The majority opted for the latter. This analytical exploration encompasses an examination of the repercussions of Brexit on the European Union, anticipates potential challenges in a post-Brexit scenario, and delineates potential pathways for the EU's future trajectory. Humanity Publications Executive Director Programs, Centre of Excellence on Countering Violent Extremism, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Master in Political Science, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Peace & Conflict Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/european-unions-political-and-economic-changes-in-the-wake-of-brexit https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-I).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:395746 2018-12-30 ger

Health, Human Capital, and Economic Growth in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation of Health Sector Dynamics Muhammad Khizar Hayat Toseef Azid Health Sector Human Capital Economic Growth Health Infrastructure Pakistan Cointegration Analysis Public Health Policy Labor Productivity Health Resources Urban–rural Disparities Health is widely recognized as a critical pillar of human capital and a driving force for sustainable economic growth. This study examines the evolution, structure, and performance of Pakistan’s health sector and its contribution to economic development. Using annual time series data from 1972 to 2005, the research employs cointegration techniques to explore both short-run and long-run relationships between health-related variables, health resources, and economic growth. The analysis considers multiple dimensions of health infrastructure, including hospitals, dispensaries, basic health units, specialized care centers, and the availability of health professionals. Findings indicate that improved health resources when equitably distributed enhance labor productivity, educational attainment, and savings behavior, thereby fostering higher economic output. The study underscores the need for integrated health and economic strategies, emphasizing targeted investments in primary care, equitable access, and policy continuity to leverage health as a catalyst for economic prosperity in Pakistan. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/health-human-capital-and-economic-growth-in-pakistan-an-empirical-investigation-of-health-sector-dynamics https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(III-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 3, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:395905 2020-06-30 ger

The impact of Revenge Desires on Organization Justice and Counter Productive Work Behavior Noor Fatima Revenge Desires Counterproductive Organizational Justice Work Behavior The This paper explores the correlation existing between organizational justice and counterproductive work behavior towards organizations (CWB-O) and supervisors (CWB-S). A sample used comprised 169 employees in the public and the private sector organizations. Based on statistical analysis, procedural injustice and distributive injustice are significant contributors of counterproductive behavior to the organization. Conversely, counterproductive behavior towards the supervisors depends more on interpersonal injustice and informational injustice. The hierarchical regression outcomes show that interpersonal justice has the highest amount of unique variance in CWB-S, and procedural justice has the highest amount of unique variance in CWB-O. Addition, the need of the employees to take vengeance on their employer mediates the relationship between organizational justice and CWB-O. Likewise, the organizational justice and the counterproductive work behavior towards supervisors are mediated by the need of employees to seek vengeance against the bosses in the modern workplace environments. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-revenge-desires-on-organization-justice-and-counter-productive-work-behavior https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392079 2017-12-30 ger

CSRs Knowledge and Management of Corporate Social Responsibility in Pakistan Maqsood Hayat Shehzad Khan Asif Iqbal CSR Corporate Environment Pakistan Institutional Forces Firm's Resources The aim of the study is to collect first-hand information from the corporate practitioners regarding the “why” “how” “when” and “where” of corporate social responsibility (CSR hereafter) by conducting an interview session with the companies listed on the Pakistan Stock exchange. It was observed that the involvement in CSR is beneficial for firm performance and affected by external forces (institutional forces) and internal features (firms resources). In addition, the priority of stakeholders and the urgency of CSR dimensions (CSRs pyramid) are well understood in the context of Pakistan too. Humanity Publications Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China. Institute of Business Studies and Leadership,Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Kp, Pakistan. College of Management,Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/CSRs-Knowledge-and-Management-of-Corporate-Social-Responsibility-in-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Operations Strategy Practices of SMEs Fazal Haleem Muhammad Jehangir Asia Baig Competitive strategies SMEs Pakistan There is a close link between operations strategies and firm performance. Thus, it is paramount to find out what competitive priorities are adhered to by small and medium enterprises when it comes to operational decision making. The sample is drawn from 244 manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operational in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Consistent with the research objective, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is employed to reveal the preference of SMEs in adopting competitive priorities. The results show that the most preferred competitive priority is cost followed by quality and flexibility with delivery priority the least sought-after operations strategy. The paper adds value to a finer and richer understanding of operations strategies in SMEs context and provides insights to practitioners and managers to effectively enhance their firm performance by pursuing right operations strategies. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor,Institute of Business Studies and Leadership,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Operations-Strategy-Practices-of-SMEs https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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CPEC, A Game Changer but whose: An Economic Reality Check Muhammad Zia-ur Rehman Yasmine Muhammad Javaid Iqbal Muhammad Shoaib Malik CEPC Strategic Viability Economic Viability Security Perspective Challenges. You will arrive at a destination after 10, 20 or 30 years from now, but where? Thats is the critical inquiry/question. And the answer could be of two-fold; a well-defined destination, or an ill-defined (chaotic) destination. Its obvious, that definitely everyone would like to arrive at a well-defined one. The same rule applies to the mega project of CPEC. No doubt, CPEC is a great and mega project with the volume greater than any project launched in Pakistan since 1947. It seems to benefit Pakistan and China from various perspectives, thats why its named as a game-changer but the point of concern is for whose. This question needs to be answered not only comprehensively but also partially especially by Pakistani side of leadership and strategists. This is essential for the future survival of Pakistan as a country and Pakistanis as a nation. The current research analyzes the grey areas of concern from the Pakistani perspective by putting the four factual checks; strategic, economic, cultural and security on the mega project of CPEC. The paper further, in detail presents a solution-oriented strategic point of view with appropriate recommendations to be adopted in order to cultivate the fruits of the project effectively and efficiently. Humanity Publications Assistant professor, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/CPEC-A-Game-Changer-but-whose-An-Economic-Reality-Check https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Role of Public Spending and Credit Disbursement in the Agriculture Sector of Pakistan Sumbal Javed Muhammad Tariq Saima Urooge Government Expenditure Agricultural Production Ordinary Least Squares ADF Test The current study explores the role of public spending and credit disbursement in the agricultural production of Pakistan during the period 2000 to 2016. In this study, Agriculture Production Growth (APG) is the dependent variable while real GDP, government expenditure, labor force participation and agricultural credit are the independent variables. The stationarity of the data has been investigated through the ADF test. Following this, hypotheses were tested through the ordinary least squares method. In addition, the robustness of the results is ascertained by conducting an LM test and CUSUM stability tests. The findings showed that government expenditure and agriculture credit put expansionary effects on agricultural production in Pakistan. It is suggested that the government should increase expenditures in the agriculture sector for the development of agricultural sector production and economic development of the country. Humanity Publications BS Economics, Department of Economics,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business & Economics,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, pakistan. Assistant Professor, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/The-Role-of-Public-Spending-and-Credit-Disbursement-in-the-Agriculture-Sector-of-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Energy Crisis and Comparative Advantage Industries: Empirical Evidence from the Pakistan Economy Malik Saqib Ali Sana Zaigham Energy Crisis Comparative Advantage Industries Net returns The core purpose of the study is to analyze the effects of the energy problems on the competitiveness and performance of major selected Pakistani industries. The data used for the study is from the years 1999 to 2015. The industries used in the research are Leather, Textile, Tobacco, Pharmaceutical, and Sugar. The Balassa Index is firstly used to compute the competitiveness of the above-mentioned industries and reveals that except tobacco industries all other industries sustain a comparative advantage even before and during the crisis regime. Secondly, a GMM estimation is done to analyze the effect of energy problems on the performance of the companies. The conclusion of the paper suggests that the supply of energy has a crucial role in enhancing the net return and competitiveness of the industrial sector in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of Economic, National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan. Visiting Faculty member, Department of Commerce, Federal Urdu University of Arts and Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Energy-Crisis-and-Comparative-Advantage-Industries-Empirical-Evidence-from-the-Pakistan-Economy https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Capitalism in the 21st Century: A Marxist Perspective Saima Gul Syed Sabir Muhammad Ahmad Ali Marxism Capitalism Outsourcing Surpluses Mode of production Hegemony A Marxist understanding of the ills of capitalism is applicable to 21st -century capitalism. Motivated by surpluses, capitalism become global in its endeavour of outsourcing production and capital labour substitution. As a result, the capitalist core established an exploitative relationship with the developing and under-developed third world countries. In order to protect their interests and to keep the antagonistic feelings below the threshold, the bourgeoisie elite utilized every tool available to strengthen their control over the resources, maintained their hegemony and absorb counter-hegemonic ideas. The article is an attempt to understand the Marxist interpretation of capitalism and debate in its relevance to 21st -century international politics. With the help of the Iraq war, the article concludes that Marxism and Marxist inspired theoretical interpretation is the best lens to explain the operation of capitalism at the world stage. Humanity Publications Lecturer,Department of International Relations,University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. PhD. Scholar, Department of International Relations,University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Political Sciences, Higher Education Department,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Capitalism-in-the-21st-Century-A-Marxist-Perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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China, Pakistan Extended Relation: An Overview of CPEC Opportunities, Expectations and Fear of Balochistan Allauddin Muhammadi OBOR BRI CPEC Geopolitics Gwadar Pivot of Asia Strait of Malacca. Since the beginning of diplomatic ties in 1951, China-Pakistan has enjoyed long-lasting, stable and friendly relations and considered to be an irreplaceable "all-weather friend" as well. In any hard and troubled time, both countries support each other. Pakistan could have got more benefit from China in the last several decades; however, the CPEC under China's "BRI" provides a very shining opportunity for the economic development of Pakistan. Balochistan is geographically the largest and population-wise the smallest province. With its precious mineral resources, deep sea and a vast coast with fantastic climate Balochistan has been ignored; consequently, a significant portion of the youth opted for alternative way, engaging themselves in such activities which brought uncertainty and trouble in the province. Of course, the primary cause of such a condition is economic deprivation, joblessness and most importantly political power which has not been given to them. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar,School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai PR China. PhD Scholar, School of International Relations and Public Affairs,Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai PR china. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/China-Pakistan-Extended-Relation-An-Overview-of-CPEC-Opportunities-Expectations-and-Fear-of-Balochistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Indian Strategic Economic Tactics and Emergent Challenges for the Developing Countries of the Region Shahid Iqbal Jan Alam Muhammad Zia-ur Rehman Indian Current Ruling Party's Negativity India Muslims Pakistan Indian Current Ruling Party's Relation with Neighboring Countries. In this paper, we examine the neighborhood especially Indian strategies for the region. The political philosophies and regional strategies related to developing economies in the region need synergy and strategically positive and constructive in nature. Their philosophy to rule and their foreign policy is different from all the other leadership. Indian Current Ruling Party seems involved in different terrorist activities, such Gujarat attack on Muslims and the incident of the Samjhota express. Indian Current Ruling Partys begins wrongdoing on the innocent Kashmiri, its forces also use pellet guns on Kashmiri Muslims. Indian economic strategy is to invest on Chahbahar Port and wish to side stop the economic mega project of CPEC. Indian influence increased in Afghanistan against Pakistan with the boycott of SAARC conference scheduled in Pakistan. The international community has found that Indian current political leadership is as one of the most influential negative political personality among the world leaders. Humanity Publications Independent Research Fellow, Islamabad. MPhil Scholar, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Indian-Strategic-Economic-Tactics-and-Emergent-Challenges-for-the-Developing-Countries-of-the-Region https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Statistical Investigation of Business Cycles Characteristics in Pakistan Niaz Ali Muhammad Tariq Asia Baig Business Cycles GARCH Volatility SAP This study investigates the business cycle characteristics for Pakistan using three sets of variables namely expenditure components of GDP, nominal variables and real variables. The findings reveal that the volatility of expenditure components are greater than GDP during the full sample of 1973 to 2015. Whereas, in the Pre-SAP and Post-SAP periods i.e. 1973-1988 and 1989-2015, real variables and nominal variables show more volatility than GDP. And, in terms of co-movement, expenditure components of GDP showed strong pro-cyclicality and relationship with GDP against other sets of variables. Moreover, the nominal variables show positive persistence and the business cycles caused by it, lasting for a long time against real variables and expenditure components of GDP. Furthermore, the results show that the correlation between CPI and GDP across all periods is counter cyclical. The stability test results show that business cycles features remained stable during two time periods. Humanity Publications MS Economics, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor,Faculty of Business & Economics,Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/A-Statistical-Investigation-of-Business-Cycles-Characteristics-in-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392088 2017-12-30 ger

Evaluation of Financial Management Competencies of School Principals and their Impact on Institutional Development at KP, Pakistan M. Anees-ul-Husnain Shah Asghar Ali M. Adnan Maqbool Financial Management Competencies School Principals & Institutional Development The study aimed at finding the impacts of secondary school principals financial management competency on the institutional development. All male and female principals of secondary and higher secondary schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were the population of the study and among them a sample of 200 head teachers including 100 male (40 urban & 60 rural) and 100 females (40 urban & 60 rural) from two conveniently selected districts were selected. Two research instruments; one questionnaire for Principals and a checklist was developed. The data were analyzed through frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation and t-test. Major findings of the study were; majority of the Principals were competent in planning, organizing, and controlling financial matters of their schools except in the tasks of fund raising, and internal audit. Urban Principals were better in planning than rural Principals. It is recommended that rural Principals may be provided training especially about planning financial matters Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education DG Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of I.E.R, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/Evaluation-of-Financial-Management-Competencies-of-School-Principals-and-their-Impact-on-Institutional-Development-at-KP-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Development of the United Nations Climate Change Regime and its Socio-economic Impressions on Pakistan (1992-2016): An Appraisal Muhammad Mubeen Muhammad Qasim Basharat Sohail Ahmad Agriculture Climate Change Economy Kyoto Protocol Pakistan UNFCCC United Nations The United Nations Climate Change Regime, planned in 1992, and formally established in 1994 through the inauguration of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), under its mandate to address climate change at the global level, provides a great deal of support to maintain global climate control through different institutions in the capacity building of developing states in health, poverty reduction, green energy, and the transfer of carbon dioxide reduction technology. This study intends to ascertain the development of the UN climate change regime and its role in Pakistan's socio-economic development for a sustainable climate from 1992 to 2016. The variables to determine the degree of UNFCCC's efforts in Pakistan include public health, poverty reduction, agricultural improvement, carbon dioxide emission control, international trade collaboration, and gender-oriented societal improvements. The study highlights the impact of efforts on these lines and the possible incentives to crop up substantially the fruits of the given considerable opportunity to develop the socioeconomic slant positively. This exploratory study is based on primary and secondary data, annual reports of different UN organs, especially the UNFCCC, official data from the Ministry of Climate Change Pakistan, surveys, interviews from the field experts, and peer-reviewed published research. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. MS International Relations Candidate, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/development-of-the-united-nations-climate-change-regime-and-its-socioeconomic-impressions-on-pakistan-19922016-an-appraisal https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Revisiting the Political Economy of the State to Society Relation during Mubarak Regime Abdul Shakoor Sajjad Ali Khan Tahir Ahmad Infitah Egypt Structural Adjustment Program Civil Society Revolution IMF World Bank Military Industrial Complex Privatization Terrorism Muslim Brotherhood This study revisits the political economy of the Mubarak Regime and his downfall byengaging with the existing literature, which dwells on political, economic,administrative, legal, and constitutional methods of maintaining hegemony and regimessurvival. This paper revisits and combines them into a single framework and argues thatstate structure and society remained fundamentally disconnected from each other,whereas their relations remained dialectical between the state's control over society onthe one hand and interests of the people on the other. It is argued that Mubarak madeuse of moralism rhetoric and pragmatic coercion that disenfranchised the society ofEgypt from the state structure and interest articulation which were not sustainable forthe longer term. It is argued that the revolution was rolled back as the Morsi regimeapplied the same tactics his predecessor had applied. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/revisiting-the-political-economy-of-the-state-to-society-relation-during-mubarak-regime https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Analysis of the Judicial Enforcement of Social and Economic Rights Naghma Farid Muhammad Siraj Khan Kashif Saleem Constitutional Law Socio-Economic Rights International Covenant on Social Economic and Cultural Rights Judicial Enforcement of Socio- economic Rights The modern concept of human rights can be traced back to the European Renaissance. However, it was only after the foundation of the United Nations Organization that practical steps toward global recognition and enforcement could become possible. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a unique document in the sense that never before in the history of mankind, nations did agree on universal human rights standards. As it was a declaration and non-binding in nature, it was succeeded by two conventions namely, the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Convention on Social Economic and Cultural Rights (ICSER), each comprising of a separate set of human rights. On the other hand, their champion sargue that civil and political rights are a wasteful luxury for an empty belly. Humanity Publications Nawab Allah Nawaz Khan Law College, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Nawab Allah Nawaz Khan Law College, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-the-judicial-enforcement-of-social-and-economic-rights https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Nexus between Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction and Income Inequality in the Miraculous Economies Sajjad Ali Khan East Asian Miracle Economic Growth Development Poverty Reduction Income Inequality China Taiwan Korea This article attempts to examine the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction through an analysis of the effects of remarkable growth performance of three East Asian countries viz China, Korea and Taiwan on poverty reduction. Through an extensive review of literature, it was found that the level of poverty as well as income inequality in China has remained high for most of the time despite exceptional growth rates over the past few decades. Whereas, both South Korea and Taiwan have witnessed significant reduction in the level of poverty as well as income inequality. The findings suggest that a robust relationship between growth and poverty reduction does not prevail across all the ‘miraculous economies’. Furthermore, the findings also shed light on the nexus between economic growth, poverty reduction and income inequality. From the Chinese case, it is evident that economic growth has not translated into poverty reduction. Skewed economic growth patterns seem to have deteriorated income inequality among different regions in China. On the contrary, economic growth seems to be closely associated with both poverty reduction and income inequality both in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-nexus-between-economic-growth-poverty-reduction-and-income-inequality-in-the-miraculous-economies https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2017(II-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392272 2022-06-30 ger

Study of the Impact of the Principals' Emotional Intelligence and Self- efficacy on their Conflict Management Style at Secondary School Level Farhad Ali Zafar Saleem Javed Mustafa Emotional Intelligence Self-efficacy Conflict Management Styles School Principals This study was undertaken in an education setup. Secondary school principals were the population of the study including public and private schools. A total of 351 principals were selected from public schools and 467 principals were selected from private sector schools.The sample size was calculated through Krejice and Morgan's sample selection table. Data was collected through a questionnaire. Three questionnaires were used for data collection. Responses of the respondents were measured by using five-point Likert Scale. Five hypotheses were formulated. All hypotheses were tested and accepted.Emotional intelligence is significantly related to conflict management.Self-efficacy has a significant impact on conflict management style.Principals of private schools and public schools were different in emotional intelligence. It was found that both sector principals had different opinions in respect of conflict management style. Public school principals and private school principals were significantly different in self-efficacy. It is recommended that proper training workshops and seminars may be arranged for principals to equip them on how to control the conflicting situations. Humanity Publications PhD Scholor, Department of Teacher Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University Nerian Sharif Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Khushal Khan Khattak University Karak, KP, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/study-of-the-impact-of-the-principals-emotional-intelligence-and-self-efficacy-on-their-conflict-management-style-at-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392273 2022-06-30 ger

The Impact of Foreign Debt on the Economy of Pakistan Syed Waqas Ali Kausar Rizwan Ali Tariq Ahmed Khan Economy Factors Debt Foreign From the Nineteen Eighties to the present, Pakistan's mounting debts have been the subject of debate and consideration by policy makers and economists. Unfortunately, foreign debt is one of the biggest significant issues which downsize Pakistan's Economy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of external debt restructuring on the country's economic system. The objective was to study the various factors that affect Pakistan's economy, such as external debt, growth,saving, and foreign direct investment. Annual panel data was taken from the World Bank and used to manipulate the results. External debt is the main factor that harms the country's structured variable GDP, economic condition and growth as well. It has been concluded that Pakistan should consider debt forgiveness and invite foreign direct investment. Although exports are beneficial to the country's economy, they should be lifted to increase its financial system. The adverse effects of external debt on the boom are very apparent now a days. Humanity Publications National University of Modern languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. National University of Modern languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD scholar, Department of Sociology PMAS, Aired University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-foreign-debt-on-the-economy-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:392274 2022-06-30 ger

Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism in Macroeconomic Activities in Pakistan (Wealth Channel) Haroon Khan Amjad Amin Wealth Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism Channels This paper empirically analyzed the monetary policy transmission mechanism for wealth channels by applying Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) technique to time series data for the period of 1991 Q1 to 2018 Q4. Results are found significant. Variables included in the model follow the same direction as the theory suggests. Standard deviation shocks to each variable in variance decomposition results are bitterly transmitted. The performance of this channel on the biases of impulse responses and variance decomposition is better. Policy decisions related to high interest rates should be taken carefully. The level of savings is very poor. Low saving adversely affects investment and GDP. Therefore, better remedies are needed to capture the problem. Humanity Publications Higher Education Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/monetary-policy-transmission-mechanism-in-macroeconomic-activities-in-pakistan-wealth-channel https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Does Blockchain Technology Facilitate the Tax System in the Era of Industry 4.0? Khurram Ashfaq Adil Riaz Farhan Iftikhar Blockchain Tax System Developing Countries Industry 4.0 Pakistan etc The use of blockchain technology in the tax system is quite new and has not been studied so far in the context of developing nations. The study explores how blockchain technology can be applied to the indirect tax system of a developing country, specifically for electronic invoices. A sample of seven employees who were from different fields such as the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR), Institute of Charted Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP), private institutions and the commerce department were interviewed. Results revealed that Blockchain technology can be used to distribute safe tax data, such as the Tax invoices serial numbers, which will make submitting the Tax invoices serial numbers more efficient and faster. In addition, the Tax invoices' serial numbers transactions can be tracked and analyzed. government meant must pay attention to the peculiarities of blockchain technology while undertaking a design linked to the implementation of blockchain technology in tax systems. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, College of Commerce, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer Government College University Faisalabad (Sub-Campus Hafizabad), Punjab, Pakistan. M. Phil Scholar, College of Commerce, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/does-blockchain-technology-facilitate-the-tax-system-in-the-era-of-industry-40 https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Information Asymmetry and Analyst Forecast in Market-Wide Investor Sentiment Safyan Majid Muhammad Awais Javed Iqbal Analyst Forecast Information Asymmetry Investor Sentiment This study investigates the role of market-wide investor sentiment on the level of information asymmetry and analyst forecast error. The role of market-wide investor sentiments in the valuation and forecasts by analysts is still uncertain. In addition to this, the role of market-wide investor sentiment in influencing information asymmetry between the market participants is a pertinent question. This study attempts to close this gap by answering the impact of market-wide investor sentiment on information asymmetry and analyst forecasting dispersion. The study utilized the data of public listed firms in the USA and employed multiple regression fixed effect model to estimate the results. The results concluded that investor sentiment increases the information asymmetry and analyst forecast errors. That confirms that optimistic investor sentiment brings in the noise of trading and unsophisticated trading mechanism in the stock market, thereby questioning the classical theory of finance, which only relies on the fundamental analysis. The study provides important insights for the investors and analysts to incorporate behaviors and sentiments while undertaking valuation and trading decisions. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, School of Accountancy and Finance, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. National Bank of Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/information-asymmetry-and-analyst-forecast-in-marketwide-investor-sentiment https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of CPEC Project on Socio-Economy of Fishery Community in Gwadar: A Case Study of Gwadar West Bay Fishery Community Muhammad Anwar Abdul Raheem Hussain Ali Hashmi CPEC Project Socio-economy Fishery Community In Gwadar The research topic highlights the CPEC Impact on the socio-economy of the fishery community in Gwadar. This study explains the local perceptions regarding its socio-economic conditions through mega projects in the native fishery community. In this research, it is explored explicitly in detail of socio-economic reasons for how local fishermenperceive the development projects and analyzed the socio-economicimpact of CPEC on the fishery community in Gwadar. This research is based on the qualitative research method for data collection. Meanwhile,the purposive and representative sampling techniques were used for collecting data through an open-ended interview guide. In this regard,the Risk theory is applied to the Research topic of how this theory highlights the cause and effect of the Gwadar development projects affecting the fishery community. The research incorporated multiple challenges for fishermen towards socio-economic reasons, poverty,unemployment, and social dis-harmonies can certainly create anxieties and disappointment instead of prosperities and happiness among native fisheries through development projects. Humanity Publications M.Sc. Sociology, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan MPhil. Scholar at The Department of Anthropology Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Phil. Scholar at The Department of Anthropology Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-cpec-project-on-socioeconomy-of-fishery-community-in-gwadar-a-case-study-of-gwadar-west-bay-fishery-community https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Determinants of Continuum of Care: Evidence from the Conditional Cash Transfer Program of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Rabia Majeed Javed Iqbal Zahoor ul Haq Continuum of Care ANC PNC Skilled Birth Attendant Conditional Cash Transfer n the province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (K.P.), maternal and neonatal mortality is alarmingly high. To cope with MNCH challenges,cost-effective and low technology intervention like Continuum of Care(CoC) is required. This study examines ANC visits, delivery assisted by SBA, and PNC to determine CoC for maternal health care (MHC) services in K.P. In doing so, the study analysed primary data from 806reproductive-age women (15-49) who gave birth in the previous twoyears. The data has been collected from randomly selected five districts of K.P. namely Peshawar, Swabi, Nowshera, Kohat, and Malakand.Personal, family, reproductive, and community factors are categorized as Predisposing, enabling and perceived need factors. First, bivariateanalysis was done to see how these factors associated with ANC, SBA,and PNC visits. Multivariate analysis using the Logit and Probit models has been done to assess results consistency. Multivariate study showed that women's age at first birth, total number of children, years of schooling,husband education, place of residence, health service provider, birth interval, and enrollment in conditional cash transfer (CCT) program were significantly associated with CoC from ANC to skilled assisted delivery and PNC. The results indicate lack of CoC among women in the study area. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar/Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Pakhtunkhwa Economic Policy Research Institute (PEPRI), Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Pakhtunkhwa Economic Policy Research Institute (PEPRI), Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Economics, Pakhtunkhwa Economic Policy Research Institute (PEPRI), Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/determinants-of-continuum-of-care-evidence-from-the-conditional-cash-transfer-program-of-the-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Trade Development in Pakistan: An Evidence by Gravity Model Approach Allah Bux Lakhan Zulfiqar Ali Keeryo Faiz Muhammad Khuwaja Trade Potential Augmented Gravity Model Pakistan This study estimated the trade potential of Pakistan by using the gravity model of trade. In this research, the panel data is used for the time period 1995-2018 for 42 counties under analysis. The country's potential trade is predicted with some specific trading partners as well as globally in the context of coefficients results obtained from the model. The outcomes indicated that Pakistan's potential in terms of trade is at maximum level in (ASEAN), (EU), Middle East, Latin America and North America. The potential for trade is very lower with (SAARC) and (ECO). The key issues analyzed by this study are; political and social barriers with neighboring countries, specifically India and Pakistan, which are the biggest economies of SAARC. The same barriers seemed in the EU and NAFTA. In this situation, the Exports of Pakistan are badly impacted by political crises. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Government Degree College Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan. Ex. Economic Growth Advisor, Research and Training Wing, Planning and Development Department, Government of Sindh, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Sukkur Institute of Business Administration University, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/trade-development-in-pakistan-an-evidence-by-gravity-model-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Real Private Aggregate Consumption Determinants in Bangladesh Imran Khan Sara Rafiq Khalid Khan Unemployment Rate Autoregressive Distributed lag Model (ARDL) and Real Private Aggregate Consumption The study analyses the factors affecting Bangladesh's real private aggregate consumption (RPAC). The Auto regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) model has been used to achieve the study's objective by considering the time series data from 1980 to 2021. The study's findings show that, in the case of Bangladesh, wealth and Gross Domestic Product (GDP effects on RPAC are quite similar. Nevertheless,the effect of GDP is vital in the short run, while wealth is prominent in the long run. However, the real interest and unemployment rates have had the same results. The long-term outcomes showed a negative influence of real interest rates on RPAC as a sign of an impact on income.The current income, real interest, and unemployment rates are expected to play a key role in determining the Bangladesh RPAC in the short run. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan Chairperson/ Assistant Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of Buner, Buner, KP, Pakistan Department of Economics, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/real-private-aggregate-consumption-determinants-in-bangladesh https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Relationship between Risk Determinants and Banks' Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Syed Aziz Rasool Muhammad Ali Khan Bank Loan Loss Provision (LLP) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Inflation (INF) Lending Interest Rates (LIR) and Return on Average Equity (ROAE) This paper investigates the response of banks towards their performance in terms of their internal and external risk appetite. The statistics of Government Banks, Commercial banks, Islamic banks, and Islamic-Commercial Banks in Pakistan from 2010-2020 are measured. This study measures the risk-taking of Banks in Pakistan. There are many factors to be considered for the profitability of any business, some are internal factors, and some are external. This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion on the effects of deregulation and liberalization on the performance of the banking sector by examining the relationship between bank performance and efficiency indicators. Meanwhile, the paper makes several attempts to add to the existing literature. I will betaking 4 independent "Inflation, Loan Loss Provision (LLP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Lending rates of interest (LIR)" and 1dependent variable, "Return on Average Equity", for this study. Examining these specific factors in greater depth can aid in comprehending their impact on banking institution profitability. Humanity Publications Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science And Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/relationship-between-risk-determinants-and-banks-profitability-empirical-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Influence of Socio-economic Factors on Mode Choice of Employees in Karachi City Hina Marvi Mehnaz Soomro Irfan Ahmed Memon Mode Choice Socio-Economic Travel Behavior Karachi Karachi is the world's fastest expanding metropolis, and it ranks among the world's largest cities. The disparity between public and private transportation utilization in Karachi is growing by the day. To address this imbalance, private automobile users must change to more environmentally friendly modes of transportation. A travel behavior study is required to shift people's mode of transportation from private to public transportation. As a result, the emphasis of this study is on the impact of socioeconomic determinants on employee mode choice in Karachi. A survey was done using a self-administrative quantitative questionnaire to acquire information on travel habits. To examine the data, descriptive-analytic tests were used in SPSS. The study's findings leaned more toward the use of private transportation. There is no such thing as a beneficial influence of socioeconomic characteristics on public transit use. This study might provide helpful information to stakeholders for future planning and development of sustain able transportation techniques in Karachi. The research findings will aid policy making and serve as the foundation for future research on the mode choice model for P and RS. Humanity Publications Department of City and Regional Planning, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Department of Architecture and Planning, Shaheed Allah Buksh University of Art, Design and Heritages, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Department of City and Regional Planning, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/influence-of-socioeconomic-factors-on-mode-choice-of-employees-in-karachi-city https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Total Factor Productivity and its Contribution to Economic Growth of Pakistan Qurat ul Ain Muhammad Idrees Umar Hayat Total economic productivity Economic Growth labour Productivity Capital Energy Consumption This research work deliberates the significance of total factor productivity TFP in enhancing product performance in the case of Pakistan.There are several dynamics elaborated in this procedure. The features comprise energy consumption, stock of capital and employed labor force that take part a vital role in appreciating productivity development for Pakistan's expensive. In order to pattern the long-run effect of these influences on Gross Domestic Product GDP, we have taken our data set from the Economic Survey of Pakistan (ESP) and World Development Indicator (WDI) for the year 1990 to2018, respectively. Furthermore, we employ the endogenous growth model to assess the contribution of those numerous factors toward GDP. The country's economy has been increasing because investments and savings are low and going down. This makes worker productivity less important. Therefore, it is important to move toward modern and up-to-date techniques from traditional methods of production in order to accelerate output for the country's economy. Humanity Publications Master in International Business, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Economics and Development Studies, University of Swat, Swat, KP, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/total-factor-productivity-and-its-contribution-to-economic-growth-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Nexus between Human Development and Trade Liberalization: Comparative Analyses of Developed and Developing Countries Nigar Zehra Sanam Wagma Khattak Human Development Trade Liberalization Economic Growth The purpose of this study is to compare the impact of trade liberalization on human development among developing and developed countries. The study collected data from seven developing and seven developed countries for the period 2005 to 2019. The human development index (HDI) is used as a measure of human development (social development),and trade openness (trade percentage of GDP) is used as a proxy for trade liberalization. The study concluded that in both developing and developed economies, trade liberalization encourages human development further; it is also concluded that economic growth (GDP) of both economies also plays an important role in encouraging human development while an increase in population burdened human development in both economies. However,inflation critically impacts human development in developed countries while showing no effect on developing countries. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Research Economist, Applied Economics Research Centre, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Department of Economics, University Of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/nexus-between-human-development-and-trade-liberalization-comparative-analyses-of-developed-and-developing-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Working Capital Management: Study of the Cement Industry of Pakistan Muhammad Mahmood Shah Khan Sana Mansoor Sheikh Khurram Abid Working Capital Management (WCM) Average Collection Period Average Inventory Period Average Payment Period Cash Conversion Cycle This article investigates how working capital influences firm profitability. Pakistan's cement industry. Further, the research analyses the Average Collection Period, Average Payment Period, Inventory Turnover in Days, and Cash Conversion Cycle's impact on profitability.This analysis utilizes annual reports from PSE cement businesses (PSX).It included firm info. Quantitative research uses two approaches. Models first. Pearson correlates variables. Second, regression analysis is to determine profitability, liquidity, and other variables' causes. Working capital management (WCM) increases profitability by positively affecting the cash conversion cycle, inventory turnover, and sales. Managers are asked to give WCM more thought. Management must know how much money to use for fixed assets and working capital. Poor working capital management results. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Banking and Finance, Dr. Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Manager, Costing and Budgeting Shakham Industries Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/working-capital-management-study-of-the-cement-industry-of-pakistan- https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Excessive Sales Promotions Impact on Clothing Brand Equity Sanam Bhutto Hina Marvi Raj Kumar Sales Promotions Clothing Brand Equity Business This study identifies how consumer wants and needs are always shifting, which has a significant effect on businesses' sales and public perception. Study It is clear from a brand or product image analysis that businesses make an effort to create a distinctive perception of their brands. Different facets and characteristics of a brand can draw people in and aid them in forming opinions about the products. The purpose of this study is to examine and assess how excessive sale promotion affects brand equity. To gather accurate and appropriate data for the study, a survey method was used. The use of the Anova Sample Test to study and evaluate people's opinions and perceptions of the influence and effect of sales promotion on brand equity was made possible thanks to statistical analysis. Results show that the effects of sales and promotions on customers' purchase decisions are comparable. Humanity Publications Department of Textile Design, Shaheed Allah Buksh University of Art, Design and Heritages, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Department of Architecture and Planning, Shaheed Allah Buksh University of Art, Design and Heritages, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Department of Textile Design, Shaheed Allah Buksh University of Art, Design and Heritages, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/excessive-sales-promotions-impact-on-clothing-brand-equity https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Eco-Marxist Study of Kamala Markandaya's Nectar in a Sieve (1954) Tasneem Koser Saadia Ameer Hira Yaqoob Metabolic rift Commodification Commodity Fetishism Appropriation Alienation Monetary Logic Treadmill of Production The study aims to expose the capitalist components behind the metabolic rift and economic issues that Kamala Markandaya's novel Nectar in a Sieve (1954) creates. Additionally, this study sheds light on the commodification, objectification, and commodity fetishism of commodities, as well as alienation, degradation due to differences in exchange value and use value, and the alienation of land and labour due to capitalism. This study explains how capitalism emerged, how people suffered and experienced mental unrest, and how the author ultimately felt a need to accept modernity and change (emergence with capitalism). It also foresees the transition from rural to urban life, the emergence of the pure past into the capitalist present, and the eventual glimmer of hope. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Englsih, University of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of English, University of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of English, Government College for Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/ecomarxist-study-of-kamala-markandayas-nectar-in-a-sieve-1954 https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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SAARC: An Evaluation of liberal economic Order in South Asia Sajida Begum Iqra Jathol Syed Waqas Haider Bukhari South Asia SAARC Economic Liberal Order SAAFTA India Pakistan SAARC was established in 1985 in the aim to cooperation and economic growth among South Asian countries. The term economic liberal order is greatly proficient in regional trading partnerships than the global level. In South Asia, it was introduced through SAARC, because it is one of the main goals to promote trade among south Asian countries especially between India and Pakistan. This study will evaluate the efficiency of SAARC and Pakistan-India trade relations under the SAFTA regime. It will also highlight the trade liberalization procedure in the South Asia. Without trade liberalization, Regional integration is impossible where SAARC is working on the program of financial combination. This study shows that power asymmetries in SAARC have slowed down the trade liberalization process. India needs to rethink its role in SAARC as it has often complicated the trade process on the SAARC platform by creating hard and soft power. Though, this study deals to understanding the relationship among regional mixing and the liberal economic order under SAARC in South Asia. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, School of Political Science, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Political Science, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of International Relations, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/saarc-an-evaluation-of-liberal-economic-order-in-south-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Buffering role of Financial Literacy on the Relationship of Herding Behaviour and Investment Decisions Roman Ullah Faqir Sajjad Ul Hassan Kashif Saleem Herding Behavior Financial Literacy and Investment Decisions This research paper investigates the buffering role of financial literacy on the direct link between Herding Behavior and Investment Decisions. Using an anonymous survey, we collected data from a total of 514 individual investors based on a convenience sampling procedure in the Pakistan Stock Exchange. The hypothetical model of the study was evaluated using the PLS-SEM approach via SmartPLS 3.2. The data fitted  well for the structural model and the R2 value of 65% supported the moderate level of the model predictive power. Further, we found a positive relationship of herding behavior and investment decisions, while financial literacy modifies this link in a way that persons with greater financial literacy are less likely to be influenced by herding behavior and vice versa. The study's findings provide practical insights for investors, policymakers, and regulators in the PSX, emphasizing the importance of financial literacy in mitigating positive herding behavior-investment decisions relationship. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-buffering-role-of-financial-literacy-on-the-relationship-of-herding-behaviour-and-investment-decisions https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): From Geo-strategic Preferences to Economic Integration Asif Amin Marriyam Siddique CPEC Security Terrorism Strategic Integration China Pakistan The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a 'fate-changer' for Pakistan's starved economy. China's foreign policy achieves a glorious past after fulfilling the 'Chinese dream.' To fulfil the national objective, China outlines economic integration in the face of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and CPEC is the flagship project of BRI. China's financial foreign policy objective is to get economic prosperity through exclusive economic integration. This paper aims to answer the puzzle; how does economic integration lead to political alignment? After an analytical observation, the authors argue that political integrity runs parallel with 'economic prosperity' and 'state's security'. If states can achieve it, partnership leads to strategic integration. The study uses secondary data and attempts to construct the hypothesis on the observation that is based on three levels of integration; economic, political & strategic. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, International Relations, Jilin University, China. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/chinapakistan-economic-corridor-cpec-from-geostrategic-preferences-to-economic-integration https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Examining the Impact of Market Competition on the Relationship between Governance Indicators and Stock Market Performance Fahad Hussain Muhammad Ziaullah Asghar Hayyat Stock Market Performance Market Competition Governance Indicators GDP Market size This paper's objective is to investigate how market competition moderates the association between governance indicators and stock market performance. Data from 110 countries have been taken as a sample for the period spanning from 2007 to 2016. For this purpose data is divided into three subpanels high earnings group, middle earnings group and low earnings group. Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Random Effect Model, Fixed Effect Model and Prais-Winsten regression estimation are used to analyze the data. Moreover, we find a positive effect of market competition along with government effectiveness and regulatory quality on Stock Market Performance. Nevertheless, the conjunction of market competition and political stability exerts a detrimental influence on stock market performance. This study provides some guidelines to policymakers, investors and researchers. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/examining-the-impact-of-market-competition-on-the-relationship-between-governance-indicators-and-stock-market-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-II).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Responsible Innovation and Sustainable Competitive Advantage: A Moderated Mediation Model Adil Riaz Fouzia Hadi Ali Responsible Innovation Level of Education Manufacturing SMEs Shared Vision Sustainable Competitive Advantage This study investigates the impact of Shared Vision (SV) on Responsible Innovation (RI) and Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Moreover, the level of education is used as a moderator between SV and RI. RI is the process of taking into account the potential ethical, social, and environmental impacts of new technologies and innovations and making sure they are developed and used in a way that is beneficial to society. This can include considering how new products and services will affect different groups of people, and taking steps to mitigate any negative impacts they may have. It also involves engaging with stakeholders and considering their perspectives in the innovation process. SEM technique was used, and data were collected from 1018 respondents from the manufacturing sector. The results explain that SV is significantly related to RI, and RI determines SCA. Furthermore, the level of education moderates the relationship between SV and RI. Moreover, this study provides the general public and various policyholders with an overview of the various levels to which manufacturing SMEs are embracing RI. Humanity Publications Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/responsible-innovation-and-sustainable-competitive-advantage-a-moderated-mediation-model https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Customer Relationship Management, Technological Turbulence, and Customer-Centric Management on Financial Performance Muhammad Asad Hamid Suhail Abid Muhammad Waqas Rana Internal/External Information Integration CRM B2C Marketing Service Management Technological Turbulence CRM improves competitiveness. To adopt CRM, you must know client wants and trends. Technological Turbulence plays a vital role in the adoption of CRM. The research examines how internal/external information integration and supply chain performance affect corporate finances. Primary data was collected from the service sectors in Lahore. Questionnaires were spread around 150 and collected 121 valid responses. The demographic analysis was performed on SPSS. Regression and correlation analysis were performed on Smart-PLS (3.0). From B2C perspective, CRM adoption has a significant positive impact on organizations performance in the service industry. CRM adaptation is primarily focused and should be discussed within the organisation for a more effective approach. Thus, technological turbulence and internal/external information integration have a bad impact on the financial performance of a company. The results show that IEII doesn’t have an influence on financial performance. This study is valuable for the industry, such as banks or other business-to-customer (B2C) firms. Humanity Publications Department of Business & Management Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Business & Management Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan School of Economics & Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-customer-relationship-management-technological-turbulence-and-customercentric-management-on-financial-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Financial Literacy on Investment Decisions with Mediating Role of Behavioural Biases Muhammad Javed Iqbal Shoaib Hassan Muhammad Bilal Kayani Financial Literacy Self-Attribution Bias Illusion of Control Bias Hindsight Bias Investment Decisions The current research aims to analyze the impact of financial literacy on investment decisions in Pakistan with mediating role of behavioural biases (self-attribution, illusion of control, and hindsight). The secondary data is collected from 217 investors using self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics identified that financial literacy has a substantial and positive influence on investment decisions, but has a negative effect on behavioural biases (self-attribution, illusion of control, and Hindsight). Furthermore, the illusion of control bias and hindsight bias partially mediates the relationship between financial literacy and investment decisions, whereas the results of mediation for self-attribution bias were insignificant. The current research is beneficial for the investors as they will be able to recognize the relevance of financial literacy and the biases that impeded their decision-making, as well as create alternative ways to overcome these biases and minimize irrational behaviour. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-financial-literacy-on-investment-decisions-with-mediating-role-of-behavioural-biases https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Socioeconomic Status and Workforce Participation Barriers for Women: A Case Study of Tribal Areas in Southern Punjab Fareeha Akhtar Malghani Muhammad Anwar Malghani Khalid Khan Female Labor Force Participation Logistic Regression Socioeconomic and Demographic variables Survey Data The present study tried to explore the impact of socioeconomic and demographic variables on female labour force participation (FLFP). For this purpose, a well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 150 people drawn from three different tehsils. The data were analyzed through frequency distribution, cross-tabulation, and a logistic model. The results indicated that in Tehsils of Dera Ghazi Khan, Taunsa, and Kot Chuttah, most of the females were not contributing to commercial activities since they were facing restraints like being illiterate, having no family permission, inadequate employment opportunities, and extensive household which made their lives extremely busy. Furthermore, the logistic model results indicated that the education, experience, parents' education, and earnings of the respondent were statistically significant. However, the study concluded that female education was the most crucial factor in the FLFP in economic activities and the improvement of employment opportunities. Humanity Publications Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences Uthal Balochistan, Balochistan, Pakistan. Department of Economics, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences Uthal Balochistan, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/socioeconomic-status-and-workforce-participation-barriers-for-women-a-case-study-of-tribal-areas-in-southern-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Infrastructure Development and Economic Growth: A Comparative Study of Developing and Emerging Economies of Asia Muhammad Luqman Waqas Younis Sobia Hafeez Kiani Infrastructure Development Economic Growth Panel Co-integration; South Asia East Asia The present study attempts to test our prime hypothesis―whether infrastructure development is a discernible factor responsible for the recent advancement in the Asian region― by making a group comparison of South Asian (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and SriLanka) South East Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and South Korea), in order to study the development paradigm of growing Asia via the infrastructure development. We have taken into account three profound factors for infrastructure development: transportation,telecommunication and energy development, and constructed an Infrastructure Development Index (IDI) based on these factors. Using panel data ranging from 1980 to 2017, we have employed different econometric techniques to probe the influence of physical infrastructure on economic growth in selected Asian countries. Our findings showed that besides a number of confounding factors, the development in physical infrastructure substantially explain the economic growth in selected Asian countries. Our findings suggest that the selected Asian Countries particularly the South Asian countries should emphasize on the physical infrastructure for sustainable long run economic growth. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Kashmir Institute of Economics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Kotli, Kotli, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/infrastructure-development-and-economic-growth-a-comparative-study-of-developing-and-emerging-economies-of-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Investigating Factors Towards Adoption of Mobile Wallet Payment Services Faraz Mahboob Arifa Bano Talpur Mahvish Kanwal Khaskhely Mobile Wallet Digital Payments Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Adoption of Technology Consumer Intention The goal of this study is to look at the effect of "perceived ease of use" (PEOU), "perceived usefulness" (PU), "perceived service cost" (PSC), "perceived credibility" (PC) and "customers' satisfaction" (CS) on consumers' intention to adopt mobile wallet payment services. "Customer satisfaction" (CS) was the mediator between PEOU, PU and IU. The study model is based on the model of "technology acceptance model" (TAM). The study involves 300 respondents and the data was obtained via an online questionnaire. - Convenient sampling method. Smart PLS (partial least squares) regression using the "structural equation" technique has been applied to review and analyze the data. The data analysis findings are supported with several previously published hypotheses. All independent variables influence the dependent variable IU, indirect effect of PU is positive and significant to IU, further it was found from analysis that the PEOU has not significant effect to the mediator CS and the IU indirectly. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Mehran University Institute of Science, Technology and Development, MUET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Mehran University Institute of Science, Technology and Development, MUET,Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Mehran University Institute of Science, Technology and Development, MUET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/investigating-factors-towards-adoption-of-mobile-wallet-payment-services https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Attributes which Improve the Employer Brand of Private Universities in Afghanistan: An Instrumental-Symbolic Perspective Abid Momand Aisha Rizwan Tayyeb Ali Attributes Employer Brand Instrumental-Symbolic Private Universities Employer brand has become a topic of concern for scholars and policymakers recently. The primary aim of this study is to unveil attributes that constitute a higher education institution as an employer brand. The study at hand is a qualitative inquiry designed to unveil an employer brand's instrumental and symbolic components. This study was conducted in the context of private universities in the eastern zone of Afghanistan. Data was collected from the faculty members of seven private universities by conducting semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions of lecturers working in various departments of the selected institutions. Thematic analysis was performed using NVivo-12 for data analysis. The findings revealed eight instrumental or job-related and eight symbolic or trait-related themes perceived to represent a university as an employer brand. Moreover, the study offers recommendations for university administration and human resource officials engaged in policy formulation. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/attributes-which-improve-the-employer-brand-of-private-universities-in-afghanistan-an-instrumentalsymbolic-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Impact of Fintech on the Financial Stability of Banks: A Systematic Literature Review Asghar Kamal Muhammad Sadil Ali Muhammad Mahmood shah Khan Fintech Financial Stability and Literature Review In recent decades, financial technology and stability have been debated and studied for decades. This study examines the relationship between financial technology (Fintech) and global bank financial stability. The study collected articles from research databases for this (Science Direct, Welly, Emerald, Springer Link, Google Scholar, and Research Gate). We map the financial technology–financial stability research domain and identify key developments and patterns from 1995 to 2022 using peer-reviewed articles. Financial technology's theoretical relationship to financial stability is also examined. Fintech, financial stability, and determinants are examined. This paper builds a comprehensive model of the relationship between Fintech and banking sector financial stability. Banking sectors use financial technology and financial stability practices to achieve financial stability goals and gain competitive advantages. Financial technology has increased the global banking sector financial stability. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Associate, Department of Commerce, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-fintech-on-the-financial-stability-of-banks-a-systematic-literature-review https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Problems in Implementing Adequate Equal Employment Opportunity Laws and Diversity Management in Organizations Nisar Ali Tunio Aamir Iqbal Umrani Equal Employment Opportunity Diversity Management Organizational Performance Discrimination Organizational Diversity Gender Diversity Gender Bias Organizations need to be effective and timely manage diversity. Efficient diversity management within organizations helps them to build a satisfied and happy workforce that feels safe at the workplace. A happy workforce translates into higher revenues through satisfied and loyal customers. Equal Employment Opportunity is a means to achieve effective diversity management within organizations. However, there is a gap in the literature in providing a roadmap for an organization to build a strong employee base. Therefore, this paper examines the literature and tries to identify critical issues in implementing adequate EEO law and diversity management. This paper concludes with recommendations for organizations to implement adequate EEO laws for a better work environment, which results in higher revenue generation, greater brand image, and customer satisfaction. Humanity Publications OGDCL, Tando Alam Oil Complex, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Department of Business Administration, Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/problems-in-implementing-adequate-equal-employment-opportunity-laws-and-diversity-management-in-organizations https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Investigate How Ethanol Production Effect Sugar Industry: A Case Study of UK & Pakistan Syed Waqas Ali Kausar Imran Ullah Khan Aisha Tahir Sugar Industry Ethanol Process UK Pakistan This research shows how the ethanol process effect production in the sugar industry in UK & Pakistan. UK follows alcoholic process while Pakistan used a halal mode of production. This is a qualitative study. The  data is collected through secondary sources. The primary data is gathered through an open-ended questionnaire. The goal of this project is to collect feedback from the targeted group in order to improve the feedback stage of the analysis model. Most of the quantitative data collected by the various organizations involved in the sugar industry are published by the World Bank, FAO, and research firms. The findings of the research show that the UK has more demand but less supply and imports is an alternative.But in Pakistan excess supply balance demand so exports of sugar can take place. But the difference in profitability is subject to lack of market information. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Government and Public Policy, National University of Modren Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Econometrics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/investigate-how-ethanol-production-effect-sugar-industry-a-case-study-of-uk-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Determinants behind the Choice of Money Transfer Channels: A Case Study of Pakistani Migrants based in Dubai (UAE) Naveeda Ali Kauser Takreem Shaista Ali Money Transfer Channel Pakistani Migrants Dubai UAE Immigrants The study was designed to explore and analyze the determinants behind the choice of different channels of money transfer used by Pakistani migrants living in Dubai. 400 working-class Pakistani immigrants were taken as a sample. Data was collected through Non-Probability Convenient sampling technique. A rank order analysis was used to find out the respondent's level of preference and the mean value of the rank for factors. The results revealed that the majority of the migrants used informal channels for money transfer because of convenience in regards to funds transmittal and that there was a differential rank ordered preference for choosing any channel wherein speed, cost, exchange rate and ease were given more preference. The research suggests that the policymakers should take concrete steps to ensure the awareness of the migrants about a variety of available remittance options and also to safeguard them against the possible exploitation by the agents and mediators. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, College of Home Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Professor, College of Home Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, College of Home Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/determinants-behind-the-choice-of-money-transfer-channels-a-case-study-of-pakistani-migrants-based-in-dubai-uae https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-IV).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Family Economic well-being: the Role of Personal Religiosity and Preaching- related Absence from Home (A case study of District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Nabila Khan Amjad Amin Muhammad Saleem Religiosity Economic Well-being Preaching Related Absence Ordinary Least Square Ordered Logistic Regression The significance of religiosity in well-being is rapidly gaining attention. Personal religiosity may provide a subjective utility to the individual and effect positively, but not associated with the well-being of the family. Higher religiosity would require time. The present study have examined the influence of personal religiosity and preaching-relatedabsence of the household head on his family's economic well-being. The data was collected through a questionnaire from 385 Muslim families. The statistical techniques applied are; ordinary least square and OrderedLogistic regression models. The key findings suggest that religiosity and preaching-related .absence have a strong impact on the family's economic well-being, however, the significance of preaching-related absence onfamily economic well-being is much stronger than personal religiosity.The results of the study will provide assistance in guiding the policy makers in enhancing the well-being of the people Humanity Publications P.hd Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Islamic Centre, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/family-economic-wellbeing-the-role-of-personal-religiosity-and-preaching-related-absence-from-home-a-case-study-of-district-peshawar-khyber-pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2022(VII-IV).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Implication of Fiscal Variables in the Monetary Reaction Function of Pakistan Brekhna Ali Mukamil Shah Monetary Policy Fiscal Policy Policy Interaction This paper investigates the influence of fiscal variables on the monetary reaction function innPakistan. The main concern of a macroeconomic policy is to achieve sustainable growth and to keep a low level of inflation in the economy. For empirical analysis, the Autoregressive Distributive Lag model (ARDL) is applied using quarterly data for the period 2004Q1 to 2020Q4. The empirical evidence reveals that the monetary policy instrument in the monetary reaction function is explained significantly by the fiscal policy variables both in the short and long-run. Monetary policy independently cannot control inflation unless it has the support of the fiscal policy. Therefore, for an optimal policy mix, a wise monetary policy must be followed by a comprehensive fiscal policy in the case of Pakistan. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-implication-of-fiscal-variables-in-the-monetary-reaction-function-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Socio-Economic Requisites of Democracy: A Historical Analysis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Muhammad Usman Shamim Saira Iqbal Muhammad Shoaib Democracy Pakistan Social Economic Government Military This article thoroughly examines the socio-economic requisites of democracy in Pakistan in the context of history. It also discusses the social and economic difficulties faced by Pakistan's due to the uneven transition of democracy. The objective of the research is to evaluate the element related to democratic change and moreover, it investigates the variables connected with Pakistan's democracy decline. This article is descriptive and analytic in nature. Secondary sources such as books, research papers, newspaper articles and reports are used for the collection of data. The findings suggest that Pakistan’s democratic transition has been faced many socio-economic problems. This critical socio-economic condition challenges local security allows the military to take over Pakistan several times. The involvement of the army in government raises many issues related to socio-economic challenges. The patterns of continuous ascent in Islamic hostility have also been related with the military government. Pakistan promotes the religion-nationalistic institution worked as local armies to achieve foreign policies to come up with military governments; therefore, socio-economic development was neglected. As the result, Pakistan faced an uneven transition to democracy. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Faculty, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Faculty, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/socioeconomic-requisites-of-democracy-a-historical-analysis-of-the-islamic-republic-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impacts of Islamic Accounting System on Society: Accounting System in the ERA of Hazrat Abu Bakar and Hazrat Umar Farooq Imran Ullah Khattak Hassan Shakeel Shah Zafar Iqbal Accounting System Sharia Society Responsibility Social Welfare During the time of Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Umar Farooq, the Islamic accounting system had a considerable impact on society. This system is founded on the values of transparency, responsibility, and moral behaviour, which support justice, fairness, and social welfare. In the era of Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Umar Farooq, the Islamic accounting system was crucial in preserving the social order's economic stability.The system made sure that financial transactions were carried out accurately, honestly, and reliably, which contributed to a rise in public confidence. As a result, a society that was richer and more stable allowed both businesses and people to prosper. The Islamic accounting system's emphasis on responsibility was one of its most notable effects. The Islamic accounting system's emphasis on social welfare had a significant impact as well. This made society more just and egalitarian as everyone had access to basic needs. To sum up, the Islamic accounting system has had a significant influence on society, especially during the time of Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Umar Farooq. Humanity Publications PhD Islamic Studies, Allama Iqbal open university Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impacts-of-islamic-accounting-system-on-society-accounting-system-in-the-era-of-hazrat-abu-bakar-and-hazrat-umar-farooq https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Role of Innovation in the Energy Sector for Enhancing Export Performance and Economic Growth Zohaib Ahmad Sumera Arshad Muhammad Junaid Anwer Economic Growth Export Performance Innovation Innovation in the energy sector plays an important role in enhancing the export performance and economic growth of the country. In this conceptual paper, we make a difference between innovation within the industry from innovation outside the industry, and their impact on the export performance and economic growth of the country. The most essential aspects of conceptualized relationships are that innovations in the energy sector i.e. electricity sector can significantly improve the economic growth of the country and the export performance of manufacturing organizations. The energy consumption theory and neo-classical theory involves in order to explain economic growth in the prospect of innovation. It is identified that by making innovation in the energy sector, it becomes possible for the government to overcome the tariff rates of electricity, which ultimately reduces the production cost of organizations, and enhances the export performance and economic growth of the country. Humanity Publications Senior Research Officer, Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/role-of-innovation-in-the-energy-sector-for-enhancing-export-performance-and-economic-growth https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Role of Infrastructure, Financial Development, and Urban Population in Determining Economic Growth: An Analysis in Asian Countries Asghar Kamal Muhammad Saad Faran Ali Infrastructure Financial Development and Economic Growth The purpose of this study is to look into the role of infrastructure, financial development (FD), and urban population (UP) in the economic growth (GDP) of a few Asian countries. The research used panel data methodology, using time spans from 2003 to 2019. GDP is used as the dependent variable, and the education index, health index, financial development, and urban population are used as independent variables in this study. The authors have used the random effect technique to highlight the role of infrastructure and financial development in the growth potential of Asian economies. The study findings indicated that health and education, and financial development with urban population have enhanced economic growth in these selected Asian countries. It is suggested that Government must play a major role in enhancing more and free-of-cost education in society and must focus on improving the infrastructure of society for further growth and development. Humanity Publications PhD scholar Dr Hasan Murad School of Management (HSM), Department of Banking and Finance, University of Management and Technology Lahore,Punjab, Pakistan. Institute of Management Science, UST, Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Senior officer, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/role-of-infrastructure-financial-development-and-urban-population-in-determining-economic-growth-an-analysis-in-asian-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Green Investments on Sustainable Performance: The Mediating Role of Firm Financial Performance Kayenat Saher Muhammad Faheem Zafar Qudsia Siddique CSR Green Investment Financial Performance Sustainable Performance Several academics have looked at the current and future paths of sustainable development through the lens of green investment and corporate social responsibility (CSR) investment. Few people have looked into the links between green investments, CSR investments, and long-term success. Most of these studies have been about how CSR affects a company's bottom line. Sustainable performance is founded on triple- bottom-line thinking, also known as the people-planet-profit axis. 130 manufacturing companies that have been registered on the Pakistan Stock Exchange between 2019 & 2021 made up the sample for this study. The analysis reveals that investments in CSR (corporate social responsibility) and environmental preservation boost financial and long-term sustainability. On the other hand, financial performance doesn't change much when it comes to sustainable performance. Additionally, the impact of green investments on sustainable performance is mediated by financial performance. However, CSR investment cannot be mediated by financial success. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Government College of Technology, Samnabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Government College of Technology, Samnabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. CSO, Khushali Bank, Khanewal, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-corporate-social-responsibility-csr-and-green-investments-on-sustainable-performance-the-mediating-role-of-firm-financial-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Effect of Ownership and Board Composition on Firm Performance: Evidence from the Listed Firms in Pakistan Attaur Rahman Muhammad Yusuf Amin Faisal Sher Ownership Firm Performance Pakistan This research aims to find the effect of ownership and board characteristics on a firm's performance in listed firms in Pakistan. Data from 75 listed companies were gathered for this purpose between 2011 and 2018. The study's finding shows that board and ownership characteristics have a significant effect on firm performance. The effect of foreign ownership on performance is negative and significant, but state, family and military ownership have a positive and significant impact. The result of board characteristics shows that the performance of the company is significantly impacted and adversely affected by board size. Whereas a positive and significant effect of female board members on business performance was discovered. Among other variables leverage, size and age have a positive and significant effect on RTOA. The result of board characteristics and other control variables changes when compared between family, state, foreign and military ownership. Humanity Publications Ms scholar Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan university Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan university Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-effect-of-ownership-and-board-composition-on-firm-performance-evidence-from-the-listed-firms-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Moderating Role of Ownership Structure on the Relationship Between Board Diversity and Forward-looking Information Disclosure Khurram Ashfaq Vasia Maqsood Sana Ullah Board Diversity Foreign Directors Female Directors Ownership Structure Forward-looking Information Disclosure The study's objective is to examine how ownership structure affects the relationship between Board Diversity (BD) and the disclosure of Forward-Looking Information (FLID). The study initially included 500 non-financial companies from the BSX 500 index for the year 2016. However, only 303 companies' data were analyzed due to insufficient information. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the FLID. The association between the research hypotheses was examined using OLS regression. The results indicated that the disclosure of forward-looking information was positively associated with female directors, foreign directors, promoters, and return on equity, while it was negatively associated with leverage, firm size, and big4. Furthermore, in terms of the moderating effect of promotors' holdings, it has been found that ownership structure has a negative effect on the relationship between board diversity and FLID. The study aimed to provide a better understanding of the disclosure practices of Indian companies. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, College of Commerce Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. College of Commerce Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Instructor, Government Associate College of Commerce, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/moderating-role-of-ownership-structure-on-the-relationship-between-board-diversity-and-forwardlooking-information-disclosure https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Explore the Leadership of Principals and its Influence on Job Satisfaction of Employees in Private Colleges of Lahore Punjab Syed Kashif Hussain Khawaja Hisham-Ul-Hassan Farhana Akmal Leadership Principals Instructional leadership Organizational Goals Job Satisfaction Employees Leadership motivates subordinates. Leadership styles determine organizational success. Leadership influences job satisfaction, commitment, and productivity. This study examined private college principals' leadership and success strategies. Parents, teachers, and students expect brand-commitment. Instructional leadership by a strong and experienced private college leader or supervisor ensures quality. We asked faculty and subordinates about Supervisor leadership styles. This exploratory descriptive research study interviews and samples faculty to assess Principal leadership style and job satisfaction. Five private college principals and 10 departmental faculty are chosen. A Principal, Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS) and Self-Assessment Instrument for Teacher's Evaluation (SATE) interview protocol (SITE). Final theme analysis used 15 valid cases. Teachers had natural semi-structured interviews. Input, process, outcome, and teacher job satisfaction emerged. Principals' instruction made teachers happier. Principals should improve teacher job satisfaction through instructional leadership. Private colleges should improve teacher satisfaction with instructional leadership. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/explore-the-leadership-of-principals-and-its-influence-on-job-satisfaction-of-employees-in-private-colleges-of-lahore-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Role of Official Development Assistance, Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness in Reducing Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis from Selected Asian Countries Asima Ihsan Faizan Ali Faran Ali Income Inequality Official Development Assistance Trade Openness Asian Countries Income inequality has been increasing steadily in developing economies. Many factors are responsible for such income inequality and deteriorated economic growth in Asian economies. For this reason, a lot of debate has been made about reducing income inequality. Though the existing study also takes into account the important role of official development assistance, foreign direct investment, and trade openness in reducing income inequality in selected Asian countries, the study found that official development aid, foreign direct investment, trade openness, and labour force participation have greatly reduced income disparity in 10 Asian nations. For growth, good production and exports require more jobs. Globalization and international ties should be prioritized. Finally, economies need a stable economic and political environment to attract aid and foreign investment and grow and expand. Humanity Publications Research Analyst, Punjab Tourism for Economic Growth Project, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Higher Education, Government of Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Officer, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/role-of-official-development-assistance-foreign-direct-investment-and-trade-openness-in-reducing-income-inequality-an-empirical-analysis-from-selected-asian-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Small and Medium Businesses Readiness towards Cyberattacks in Saudi Arabia Saleh H Alarifi Awareness of Cybersecurity Cyberattacks Readiness SMB While large companies have the capability and resources to protect their systems from the increasing number of cyberattacks, little is known regarding the recent cybersecurity preparedness of Small and Medium Businesses (SMBs). The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that impact the SMB's readiness towards cyberattacks, this research used the identified constructs, the SMB's readiness toward cyberattacks, government regulations and support, cyberattacks, awareness of cybersecurity-threat, and information technology risk management that were established in prior research. The findings demonstrated an overall good model. In addition, the results showed that government regulations and support, awareness of cybersecurity-Threat, and information technology risk management have a significant impact on the SMB's readiness toward cyberattack. Furthermore, government regulations and support have a significant impact on cyberattacks and awareness of cybersecurity-threat. These findings can be used to facilitate future studies and improve the existing understanding of how SMBs can be prepared to reduce the incidence and effect of cyberattacks. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Management Information Systems, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/small-and-medium-businesses-readiness-towards-cyberattacks-in-saudi-arabia https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Impact of Technology-induced Role Overload and Technology Induced Role Ambiguity on Job Performance: A Mediating Role of Technostress Tayyaba Mehmood Aisha Naeem Junaid Arshad Technology Stress Employee Innovation Technology induced Overload Job Performance and Technology-Induced Role Ambiguity The purpose of this research is to examine employees in software businesses are subjected to a high degree of technological stress, as well as multiple strains such as excess, role unpredictability, conflicts over responsibilities for people participation, a dearth of input, and maintaining up with advances in technology. We first theorize the linear and curvilinear relationships for each of the ICT-enabled employee innovations and then test the proposed relationships by conducting a survey on institutional employees. This study looks into the relationship between technostress, role ambiguity, technology-induced overload, and job performance among workers of Pakistani software organizations. The response data were examined using correlation and regression to ensure reliability. The results indicate a substantial positive link between technology-induced role overload, role ambiguity, technostress, and job performance. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the character of distinct technostress drivers and their interactions with ICT- enabled staff creativity. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Deputy Director Academic, Director General Secretariat, Superior University Sub Campuses, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-technologyinduced-role-overload-and-technology-induced-role-ambiguity-on-job-performance-a-mediating-role-of-technostress https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Consumer behaviour towards Digital Inclusion in Banking System during COVID-19 Sarmad Soomro Arifa Bano Talpur Internet and Mobile Banking Digitalization Consumer behaviour Retail Banking Covid-19 Pandemic Outbreak This study explores consumer behavior towards digital inclusion in the banking system during Covid- 19. It examines the important factors that lead to Attitude towards internet and mobile banking (AIMB) and the Use of internet and mobile banking (UIMB). The study comprised 300 respondents, and a convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data: an online questionnaire. Using Spss software to test the hypothesis and relationship between the variables, Regression analysis was used to assess the gathered data quantitatively. The findings show that increase in the Perception of covid-19 effect (PCOV), Perceived utility of internet and mobile banking (PUIM), Ease of use internet and mobile banking (EUIM), Trust in banks (TB), Safety of internet and mobile banking (SIMB) and AIMB also increased. Simultaneously, it is observed that PUIM, TB, EUIM and SIMB have a positive influence on AIMB. Moreover, there was positive impact AIMB on the UIMB. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Institute of Science Technology and Development, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of science Technology and Development, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-consumer-behaviour-towards-digital-inclusion-in-banking-system-during-covid19 https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Study on the Relationship between the Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Organizational Fairness with Mediating Effect of Employees Work Satisfaction Muneera Quresh Waqas A. Khan Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational Efficiency Organizational Justice Job Satisfaction Employee Productivity Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) promote organizational efficiency. Organizational justice acts as a stimulus for the growth of human society. Job satisfaction is ultimately a result of the employee's own state of mind. The major goal of this study was to check the relationship between the OCB and firm justice with mediating effect of workers’ job satisfaction at NADRA Pakistan. This investigation is based on information collected from 370 employees, including front-line administrators. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were employed as statistical methodologies for data analysis. The findings indicated a significant correlation between the concept of OJ and the manifestation of citizenship behavior. Furthermore, the results illustrate a favorable correlation between OJ and OCB, which was facilitated by the mediating effect of job satisfaction. The implications of these findings hold great importance not only for the management of NADRA, but also for other entities that have the potential to aid the government and society. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtaba University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Japan 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/a-study-on-the-relationship-between-the-organizational-citizenship-behavior-and-organizational-fairness-with-mediating-effect-of-employees-work-satisfaction https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Business Monopoly, Cross-Ownership and Quest for Media Management in Pakistan Syed Inam ur Rahman Muhammad Asghar Nauman Sial Business Monopoly Cross-Ownership Media Management PEMRA The current study critically analyzed the existing state of consolidated media in Pakistan, its business models and its role in society. Consistent with the scholarly work, the study discussed that the five most influential media companies in Pakistan are less democratic, more professionalized and institutionalized which obstruct the free flow of ideas in the marketplace by ignoring alternative perspectives. The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) was mandated to ensure an equitable, pluralistic and diversified media system but it failed to deliver in the face of the corporate media sector. The present research also called for a more localized and less institutionalized media system in Pakistan to accommodate the concerns of all ethnicities and communities which will help in bringing more social cohesion and integration as compared to the existing media system which is alienating periphery and promoting bland consumerism. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor/Incharge, Department of Media and Communication Studies (DMCS), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences, Department of Business Administration, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Research Associate, Department of Media and Communication Studies (DMCS), International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/business-monopoly-crossownership-and-quest-for-media-management-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Human Resources (HR) Practices in Projectile Organization for Financial Implementation of Sustainable Qurban Ali Odhano Dildar Ali Mari Noreen Hassan Human Resources Projectile Organization Financial Implementation Stakeholders With the complexity of individual projects, the need for coordination units in project organizationb becomes more important. With the involvement of various stakeholders, projects become more complex and require increased integration and communication. In order to achieve the overall strategic goals of the organization, the PMO as well as the organizational practices must follow the concept of sustainability in their process framework to meet the requirements of the project while minimizing work rework in project activities. Scope creep and poor execution of the project plan can lead to potential project failure. To avoid such failures and achieve the strategic goals of the organization, the need for a centralized system within the organization can ultimately be met through the establishment of a project management office. The study is still in its early stages, but it highlights the responsibilities of the PMO, the structure and levels of the newly created office, and the need for and challenges of establishing a PMO. Humanity Publications MS Management Sciences, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Sindh,Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Institute Of Business Administration, University Of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology, Gulshan Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/human-resources-hr-practices-in-projectile-organization-for-financial-implementation-of-sustainable https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Income-Based Inequalities and Health Expenditures in Developing & Developed Countries Saima Akhtar Gulnaz Hameed Saad Ali Rabbani Cost-effectiveness Health Expenditures Developing Countries Developed Countries This study aims to understand the cost-effectiveness of health expenditures and explore why some countries have low expenses but better health outcomes, while others spend more but have underdeveloped healthcare systems. It analyzes income and health expenditures in developed and developing countries using existing literature and data analysis. The findings highlight the need for tailored policies, with developed countries focusing on cost increases and developing countries improving available healthcare services. This research provides insights for future studies and policy development, emphasizing the disparities in health expenditures between developing and developed countries. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, PMAS Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, University of Malaya. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/incomebased-inequalities-and-health-expenditures-in-developing-developed-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Institutional Pressures and Sustainable Business Practices: A Case of Strategic Environmental Management Mahum Fatima Ghalib Ata Aisha Rizwan Strategic Environmental Management Sustainability Isomorphic Pressures Institutional Theory Corporate Social Responsibility Business Regulations Sustainability and environmental conservation have become key concerns for the developing and developed world, prompting firms to embrace sustainable business practices. The recent decade has witnessed a rise in environmental sustainability consciousness, with businesses and legislators incorporating environmental aspects into their strategic planning and practices. Strategic environmental management emphasizes the implementation of environmental management strategies through the incorporation of environmental concerns into business plans and decisions. This study proposes to investigate the isomorphic pressures that influence organizational behaviour and the significant determinants for addressing sustainable business practices. The qualitative research design is adopted and data is primarily collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings of this study from four significant service sectors highlighted various certifications, business requirements, corporate image and corporate social responsibility as the driving forces behind strategic environmental management. Legislations from government the appeared as the most influential factor to assume responsibility for the environment and society by the firms. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Research Scholar, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/institutional-pressures-and-sustainable-business-practices-a-case-of-strategic-environmental-management https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Role of Green Energy in Promoting Sustainable Agriculture in Pakistan Nadia Asghar Hafsah Batool Rubab Aslam Malik Green Energy Sustainable Agriculture Farmer Attitudes Government Policies and Environmental Sustainability This study examines the role of green energy in sustainable agriculture based on data from 250 farmers in Punjab, Pakistan. The survey explores farmers' awareness, perceptions, and attitudes toward transitioning to green energy for sustainable agriculture. Results indicate that most respondents recognize the potential of green energy in promoting sustainable agricultural practices and emphasize the importance of its adoption. Green energy is believed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to a more sustainable agricultural sector. Government policies, regulations, and investments are considered crucial for facilitating the transition to green energy in agriculture. Education and awareness initiatives are also identified as essential for promoting its use. The study underscores the significance of promoting green energy adoption to achieve a sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural system. The findings can inform policymakers and stakeholders in developing strategies to encourage the use of green energy in agriculture. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics & Agri-Economics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer / Head of International Resource Centre (DFDI), Department of Economics, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Visitor in Economics, University of Education, Lahore, Vehari Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-role-of-green-energy-in-promoting-sustainable-agriculture-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Sustaining Performance: A Systematic Review of Urban Corporate Economy's Sustainability Management and Performance Muhammad Aqtab Ahmad Muhammad Ziaullah Fahad Hussain Sustainability Management Performance Corporate Environment Reporting This article consolidates past research to demonstrate that organizations progress toward advanced environmental management stages for corporate sustainability through participatory decision-making. Our contribution reveals the interplay of sustainable development governance, organizational knowledge, sustainable organizational development, and corporate sustainability, shaping environmental and sustainability management. Conducting a quantitative literature review in June 2020, we examined ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using keywords like "corporate sustainability," "sustainability management," and "sustainability performance." Among the 338 relevant articles from the last two years, 93 primarily empirical sources were selected, excluding less substantiated or general findings due to space constraints. Future studies should explore how corporate governance, integrated with organizational sustainability practices and performance reporting, influences operational environmental sustainability and fosters a culture of sustainable organizational practices. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/sustaining-performance-a-systematic-review-of-urban-corporate-economys-sustainability-management-and-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Users Willingness to Pay for Careem App Transportation in Pakistan: A Case Study of District Faisalabad Qazi Mouqaddas Rehman Sadia Anjum Rabia Sarwar Willingness to Pay App-based Transportation CAREEM Binary Logistic Model Faisalabad The use of Ride-hailing services like Careem and Uber has increased nowadays. The Careem service operates in different cities of Pakistan. The objective of this study was to estimate the user's willingness to pay for the App-based transportation of Careem in the district of Faisalabad. To achieve the aim of this study, primary data were collected from App-based users through a well-designed questionnaire. Interviews were conducted in this regard from 140 users of the Careem App collected, randomly selected in three localities in district Faisalabad. i.e. Government College University Faisalabad, University of Agriculture Faisalabad and Sheikh Colony Faisalabad. The study suggested that the government should promote such kinds of facilities based on Apps and make investments. It not only facilitates the users but also creates employment opportunities. Humanity Publications Visiting Lecturer, Department of Economics, The University of Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, The University of Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan. M.phil Economics, Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/users-willingness-to-pay-for-careem-app-transportation-in-pakistan-a-case-study-of-district-faisalabad https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).24 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Unveiling the Power of Instagram Influencer Marketing: Exploring its Influence on Purchase Intentions and eWOM with Celebrity Endorsement as Mediator Amna Younas Hafiz Ahmad Ashraf Takreem Manzor Influencer Marketing Purchase Intention Celebrity Endorsement EWOM This study investigates the impact of Instagram influencer marketing on consumers' purchase intentions and electronic word of mouth (eWOM), with celebrity endorsement mediating. The study utilized an online questionnaire with 318 respondents on a social media platform, employing structural equation modelling to examine direct and indirect relationships between the constructs. The research focused on Pakistani social media sites and tested seven hypotheses. The study found a positive relationship between Instagram influencer marketing and purchase intention, eWOM, with celebrity endorsement as a significant positive mediator. The study contributes to the existing literature on marketing through influencers by examining the impact of influencer marketing on various constructs, such as customer purchase intention, endorser credibility, and eWOM. The study sheds light on how influencers generate eWOM through the mediating effect of celebrity endorsement, a topic that has received limited attention in previous studies. Humanity Publications Visiting Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Gift University, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, University of Central Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. MBA (Marketing), University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/unveiling-the-power-of-instagram-influencer-marketing-exploring-its-influence-on-purchase-intentions-and-ewom-with-celebrity-endorsement-as-mediator https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).21 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Assessment of Low Tax Paying in Pakistan: Causes and Problems Abida Hassan Sadia Saeed Rao Muhammad Abbas Pakistan Causes Problems Assessment Low Tax Direct Tax Indirect Tax Taxation plays a very vital role in the development of any state it is the backbone of financial progress and strengthens the country economically. In Pakistan, the matter of Tax is multifarious and Government levies many taxes on individuals in different capacities. There are different departments regulating and dealing with tax-related matters. In past, the lack of tax paying affected the economy of Pakistan. But for many years, the government of Pakistan offered specific immunities to increase the revenue of Pakistan through tax collection. This policy of the Government was very successful. Despite all these efforts, immunities, tax collection and increase in revenue, the economy of Pakistan did not improve. This research can improve it by different methods and studies. This study was conducted to assess the problems and causes of low tax paying in Pakistan. The outcomes will recommend suggestions and different solutions to overcome these problems. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, School of Law, Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Inspector Inland Revenue, Federal Board of Revenue, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/an-assessment-of-low-tax-paying-in-pakistan-causes-and-problems https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).23 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of Packaged Milk Advertisements on Consumer's Buying Behavior Bushra Maryam Abdul Rehman Madni Tariq Nawaz Advertisement Packaged Milk Consumer’s Buying Behavior Health Benefits Milk Consumption Natural ingredients Nutrients Supply Advertising can influence consumer behaviour by providing information about a product, creating positive associations with the product, and increasing brand awareness. In the case of packaged milk, advertisements aimed at highlighting the health benefits of milk, the convenience of packaged milk, or the taste and quality of the product. These advertisements lead towards increasing demand for packaged milk and influence consumer purchasing behaviour. However, the relationship between advertisements and consumption behaviour can be complex and may depend on a variety of factors, such as the target audience, the content of the advertisement, and the overall marketing strategy. Milk has been a staple of man's diet since the dawn of time, from infancy to old age. This is due to significant regional differences in milk consumption, which are primarily due to insufficient information about milk’s superior nutritional benefits rather than differences in consumer behaviour or market structure. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/effect-of-packaged-milk-advertisements-on-consumers-buying-behavior https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).22 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Should We Celebrate Signing of IMF Program(s)?: Analysing from the lens of Income Inequality in Pakistan Rahila Tabassum Zafir Ullah Khan Muhammad Zubair IMF Programs Political Stability Income Inequality ARDL ARDL Bound Test This article examines whether signing the IMF program can help reduce income inequality and create political stability in Pakistan. Considering economic, political and social factors, the paper uses the ARDL model to test the empirical relationship between income inequality, IMF program agreements and political stability for the period 1996-2022. The study found that IMF assistance has a direct impact on income inequality in Pakistan which implies that the IMF program has further exacerbated unequal distribution in income in Pakistan. Likewise, political stability, institutional quality, GDP growth and population growth directly affect income inequality in Pakistan. Given the study's conclusions, policymakers in Pakistan need to consider a different approach that highlights the interconnectedness of IMF programs, political stability, and income inequality. The focus should be on a balance between economic reforms, social justice and political considerations. Collective efforts of the IMF, governments, and civil society are needed to resolve the economic, social and political issues in Pakistan. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of Economics, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Director, Institute of Management Sciences, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/should-we-celebrate-signing-of-imf-programs-analysing-from-the-lens-of-income-inequality-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).25 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Understanding the Nexus of Creativity, Learning Capability, Flow Experience, Leadership and Organizational Performance: Evidence from the Higher Education Institution in KP Pakistan Aftab Khan Raza Ullah Shah Kashif Saleem Staff Creativity Staff Learning Capabilities Flow Experience Effective Leadership University Performance Pakistan This study investigates university performance through the lenses of creativity, organizational learning, flow experience, and leadership effectiveness. Addressing a gap in recent literature, the research emphasizes the critical role of innovation, creativity, and flow experience in shaping organizational performance, particularly in the context of universities. Employing a questionnaire‐based approach, the study encompasses 642 participants, including teachers and administrative staff from various universities in the southern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Findings reveal a direct impact of staff creativity and learning capabilities on organizational performance, with an additional indirect influence through the flow experience. The effectiveness of leadership is identified as a moderator in the relationship between flow experience and organizational performance. The results underscore the intricate connections between staff creativity, flow experience, and their implications for higher education policies, curriculum design, and pedagogical practices. The study's insights extend beyond academia, providing valuable implications for cultivating skills in today's competitive and dynamic world. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar in Management Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/understanding-the-nexus-of-creativity-learning-capability-flow-experience-leadership-and-organizational-performance-evidence-from-the-higher-education-institution-in-kp-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).26 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow to Asian Countries: GMM Analysis Muhammad Shabir Jan Sher Ali Taimur Khan Corruption FDI Asian Countries and Panel GMM. The present research study is devoted to examining the impact of corruption on FDI inflow to selected Asian countries. There are six sub-regions in Asia from each of the regions three countries have been selected for the period of 1995-2016. Along with corruption, some other important variables are added to the model based on literature which can affect income inequality. These variables are political stability, real interest rate, economic growth, and Inflation. Data were collected from World Governance Indicators (WGI) and World Development Indicators (WDI). Panel data techniques i.e. fixed effect regression, pooled ordinary least square, random effect regression and panel GMM were used. The results of all the panel data techniques are compared to get robust results. It is concluded that corruption negatively affects FDI inflow to selected Asian countries. Moreover, in the case of individual regions (sub regions) cases techniques are arrived with mixed outcomes. Humanity Publications Department of Economics, Islamia College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Islamia College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences and Commerce, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-corruption-on-foreign-direct-investment-inflow-to-asian-countries-gmm-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).27 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Socio-Economic and Institutional Factors as Determinants for the Performance of Primary School Children in Northern Pakistan Muhammad Bilal Jalal Khan Muhammad Kamran Students’ Outcomes Primary Schools Linear Regression Ordered Logistic Regression Gender Effect. This study was undertaken to find the factors that influence student outcomes in government primary schools in district Mardan. Multistage sampling was used. The sample was calculated through proportional allocation. The data was collected through questionnaires. The regression result showed that students’ outcomes are significantly influenced by the education of the guardian and the education of the household head. Middle-class children get good marks compared to lower-middle or above-middle class. A boy student gets 7 marks less than a girl student. The cost other than the tuition fee also affects student outcome and free lunch is a strong predictor of percentage marks. The study recommends that Schools should be provided with proper funding. Special attention may be given to lower middle-class students to improve their percentage marks. The gender difference must be kept in mind and attempts must be made to devise ways to improve male student’s marks. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/socioeconomic-and-institutional-factors-as-determinants-for-the-performance-of-primary-school-children-in-northern-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).28 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Household Energy Choices and Health Risks: A Socioeconomic Analysis of Rural Women in Tehsil Mirpur Fouzia Jamshaid Atifa Nasir Nazim Farooq Cooking Fuel Choices Women's Health Impacts Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Multinomial Logistic Regression Binary Logistic Regression The energy sector plays a vital role in socio-economic development, and this study examines the factors influencing cooking fuel choices and their associated health impacts in rural Tehsil Mirpur, AJK. Using data from 400 households and employing multinomial and binary logistic regressions, the study finds that household income, age, and education of the household head, and the number of children under five are positively linked to using Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Conversely, household size, gender of the head, and poverty are associated with traditional fuel use. Health outcomes, such as COPD, asthma, and respiratory infections, are inversely related to income, education, and good ventilation. The study suggests government policies focus on increasing access to clean cooking fuels to improve public health. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Women Studies, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Economics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/household-energy-choices-and-health-risks-a-socioeconomic-analysis-of-rural-women-in-tehsil-mirpur https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-I).29 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Influence of Pakistan's Political Unrest on the Country's Rate of Economic Growth Nasir Ullah Khan Sumera Farid Raza Ullah Shah Political Instability Economic Growth Economic Growth of Pakistan This study explores how political instability, influences economic performance. Pakistan's recent two decades have seen the overthrow of democratic governments, the installation of dictatorships, and conflicts between politicians, bureaucrats, the military, and the judiciary. The researcher used primary and secondary data. Political instability statistics came from questionnaires and political instability indexes, whereas economic growth metrics including inflation, public debt, and GDP came from IMF, World Bank, Asian Development, Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, and State Bank of Pakistan databases. We collected data for 20 years (from 2000-2020). Descriptive and inferential statistics tested hypotheses. Thus, assumptions were tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation, Linear, and Multiple Regression. This study found that political instability affected the economic growth of Pakistan. Political instability decreases economic growth statistically and economically. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-influence-of-pakistans-political-unrest-on-the-countrys-rate-of-economic-growth https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Investigating the Health Cost and Productivity Loss of Farm Animals Due to Exposure to Pesticides: Evidence from Swat, Pakistan Zahid Nawab Fahim Nawaz Ali Zeb Health Cost Milk Productivity Pesticides Livestock Tobit regression This paper investigates the health costs and milk productivity losses of farm animals due to pesticide exposure and its impact on farm owners’ profits. This is accomplished using survey data collected from farm owners in Pakistan’s Swat district. For analysis, multiple linear and tobit regressions are utilized. The study finds that the farm owners&#39; experience, the number of lactating buffaloes, pesticide-induced milk losses, disease-induced health costs, and milk losses due to consumption of toxic plants and wastewater significantly affect profits. Specifically, an increase in farm experience by one year leads to a monthly increase in farm profit by Rs. 820.04. Likewise, adding an additional buffalo increases monthly profit by Rs. 535.04. Finally, the monthly loss in milk productivity due to pesticides stands at Rs. 9.71. Farm owners can greatly benefit by improving animal feed along with the know-how of the consequences of grazing animals on pesticide-affected fields. Humanity Publications Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. School of Business, Zhengzhou University, Henan, The People's Republic of China. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/investigating-the-health-cost-and-productivity-loss-of-farm-animals-due-to-exposure-to-pesticides-evidence-from-swat-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Nexus between Old Age Demographic Ratio and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis of Selected Developing Countries Muhammad Ibrahim Saeed Faran Ali Faizan Ali Economic Growth Panel Fixed Effect Old Age Demographics The global population is ageing in all areas of the globe. First, ageing was an issue in developed countries but nowadays it is a burning research topic for developing countries. So, this study has taken selected ASIAN developing countries for investigation. This study probes the relationship between the old age demographic ratio on economic growth. Panel data has been taken for seven developing countries (India,Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka) for the period 1990 to 2019 from World Development Indicators. The study uses the panel fixed effect technique for the analysis. The results of the study reveal that the old-age demographic ratio is statistically significant and has a negative impact on the economic growth of developing countries. The control variable inflation and life expectancy are statistically significant and carry a positive sign while carbon emission and remittance have a negative sign and are statistically insignificant. Humanity Publications Senior Research Associate, Offices of Research, Innovation and Commercialization, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Officer, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Higher Education Department Punjab, Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/nexus-between-old-age-demographic-ratio-and-economic-growth-an-empirical-analysis-of-selected-developing-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Viability of Employability Skills for Islamic Banking and Finance Graduates Employment; Case of Islamic Banks of Pakistan Afia Mushtaq Talat Hussain Muhammad Mahmood Shah khan Employability Skills Islamic Banks Pakistan The Islamic finance human capital demand is accelerating with a rapidly growing Islamic banking and finance (IBF) industry. In Pakistan, the IBF industry moves forward to be more competitive and sophisticated. Therefore, there is a need to explore the employability skills, which the IBF employers mainly require from the new Islamic finance graduates. This study examines the viability of employability skills for the employment of Islamic bank graduates in Pakistan. A quantitative method was adopted to collect data from 120 respondents using a self-administered questionnaire. The findings of the factor analysis suggested five variables deemed to be relevant in IBF graduates' employability skills for Islamic banks which are communication, interpersonal, technical, social, and subject knowledge skills. This study attempts to obtain the employer's perspective that will be used to refine and strengthen the existing skills, knowledge, and course structure in academia. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Dr Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Dr Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Dr Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/viability-of-employability-skills-for-islamic-banking-and-finance-graduates-employment-case-of-islamic-banks-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Factors of Pension Funds' Growth: An Empirical Analysis of Egyptian Pension Funds Arslan Qayyum Aniqa Arslan Sharique Ayubi Pension Funds’ Growth Fund Governance Fund Regulation Operational Efficiency Investment Strategy Fund Ethics Financial Sustainability The goal of this research is to analyse the elements (corporate governance, regulatory framework, operational efficiency, investment strategy, and ethics) that affect pension funds and their ability to grow. The large asset base of the Egyptian financial sector can be better understood by reading this research.Principal component analysis was used to identify the key micro-factors that contributed to the increasing size of the pension fund. Later, the R2-change was examined as part of a hierarchical regression technique to examine the relative importance of each variable in the model. The examination of the data shows that all of the identified parameters, with the exception of fund restrictions in the final model, have a strong positive and substantial link with the growth of pension funds. Capital Market Board and Finance Ministry could benefit practically from the paper's methodology when making decisions about pension fund management and the fundamental factors underlying it. The study's micro-factors are drawn from a literature review of previous studies conducted in a variety of economies. This opens up the possibility of using the research as a basis for a comparative examination of pension fund growth across economies. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/factors-of-pension-funds-growth-an-empirical-analysis-of-egyptian-pension-funds https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Mediating Effect of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) and Organizational Agility (OA) On Firm Environmental Performance (FEP): By Applying Quantitative Research Approach Ghulam Murtaza Lahbar Dahshilla Junejo Azeem Akhtar Bhatti Firm Environmental Performance Green Human Resource Management Organizational Agility Environmentally Specific Transformational Leadership The current study seeks to investigate the influence of Environmentally Specific Transformational Leadership (ESTL) with the mediating effect of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) and Organizational Agility (OA) On Firm Environmental Performance (FEP) by applying a quantitative research approach to collect and analyze the data and its results. A quantitative research design will be used, and a survey questionnaire comprised of 40 items from which 11 items for demographic questions and 29 items measuring the impact of Environmentally Specific Transformational Leadership, Organizational Agility Firm hypothesized Environmentally Specific Transformational Leadership has an impact on Firm Environmental Performance via Green Human Resource Management and Organizational Agility. The research framework is seen under the light of Resource Based View theory (RBV) and Transformational Leadership theory. The finding may be able to help organizations better understand the role of leaders in making efforts for environmental performance and better-equipping organizations with agility. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Benazir School of Business, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Sindh University Mirpurkhas Campus, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Sindh University, Laar Campus Badin, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/mediating-effect-of-green-human-resource-management-ghrm-and-organizational-agility-oa-on-firm-environmental-performance-fep-by-applying-quantitative-research-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Nexus between Quality of Work Life and Organizational Commitment: The Mediating Role of Supportive Leadership Muhammad Ibrahim Kashif Saleem Mahad Jehangir Organizational Commitment Supportive Leadership Quality of Work Life Teachers Pakistan This study explores the nexus between the quality of work life (QWL) and organizational commitment (OC) among teachers of Working Folks Grammar High Schools (WFHGS) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. The study also examines the mediating role of supportive leadership in this relationship. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach, and the data were collected from 384 teachers using a structured questionnaire. The results of the study indicate that QWL and OC are positively correlated, and supportive leadership plays a mediating role in this relationship. The findings suggest that enhancing QWL and developing Supportive leadership can increase the OC of teachers in WFHGS, leading to a more committed and engaged workforce. The study contributes to the understanding of the importance of QWL and supportive leadership in the educational sector and provides insights for managers and policymakers to improve the work environment and foster greater commitment among teachers. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business & Management Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-nexus-between-quality-of-work-life-and-organizational-commitment-the-mediating-role-of-supportive-leadership https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Impact of Islamic and Conventional Banking Competition on Financial Stability Arif Saleem Cheema Abdul Rashid Faisal Rizwan Competition Financial Stability Diversification Macroeconomic Variables The impact of banking competition on financial stability/fragility is an essential issue in the banking literature. There is much research on the association between financial stability/fragility and banking competition in developed countries. However, no prior research examines the comparison of conventional and Islamic banks. The study uses data from nine countries Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Egypt, Kuwait, Oman, Iraq and Jorden for the period 2010-2020. This study uses a fixed effects model to examine the influence of competition and income diversity on bank financial stability. We study how these variables affect Islamic and conventional banks differently using an empirical framework. Our findings show a considerable positive association between competition and conventional banks' financial stability; however, this relationship was found to be insignificant for Islamic banks. Furthermore, according to our research, the diversification of income has a positive impact on the financial well-being of both Islamic and conventional banks. Our study highlights the significance of fostering trustworthy competition within the banking sector to enhance overall financial stability. Furthermore, our findings indicate that promoting healthy competition in the industry can contribute to the improvement of financial stability. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan. Professor in International Institute of Islamic Economics, International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor in Faculty of Management Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-islamic-and-conventional-banking-competition-on-financial-stability https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Business Angels & Entrepreneurial Intentions of Management Students in Pakistan Aneeza Khalid Naveed Iqbal Chaudhry Rabia Kishwer Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) Entrepreneurial Education (EE) Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) Business Angels (BA) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Social Norms (SM) This empirical paper's goal is to analyze management students' entrepreneurial desire at Pakistani universities and to solicit funding from business angels. This was a quantitative study and data was collected from 230 management students in Pakistan, 68% of whom were female and 33% of whom were male, and it was broken down using SPSS and AMOS using a questionnaire containing 23 items on a 5-point Likert scale. The study mainly claimed that perceived behavioural control, cultural norms, and entrepreneurial education all have a favourable impact on entrepreneurial intention. This research can assist students who have start-up ideas but lack the necessary funding and it may push students with motivation. However, it only provides a snapshot of university students in a single country at the time and the author did not highlight the study's qualitative component, which would have boosted the efficiency of mediators or moderators. This document gave the perspective to business owners of Pakistan that they might start new associations with business angels' help. Humanity Publications M.Phil. in Business Administration, Department of Business Administration, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Associate Professor, HOD of Business Administration, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan Department of Educational Leadership and Management, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/business-angels-entrepreneurial-intentions-of-management-students-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Analysis of Sustainable Academic Performance through Interactive Learning Environment in Higher Education Munira Abdul Rehman Ajab Ali Lashari Saqib Abbas Academic Performance Interactive Learning Perceived Usefulness Sustainable Trajectory A number of factors on which the students' academic performance is dependent like students' trajectory movement, their background knowledge, family background, use of technology, help from seniors or classmates, student satisfaction, and self-regulated. In the present era of education, people believe that the necessities for sustainable development of students are achievable not the inborn attribute of the individual. The study's purpose was to analyse the impact of the perceived usefulness factor, difficulty factor, behaviour factor and attitude factor on the academic performance of learners at higher education level and how the trajectory movements of students influence their sustainable academic performance. The undergraduate students of public universities of Karachi were taken as the population, the sample size is 145, and a convenience sampling method was used. A questionnaire was adopted as an instrument for collecting data. The finding shows that the trajectory movements of students have a significant impact on academic performance. The study supported the four theories which were discussed in the theoretical framework. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Benazir Bhutto University, Lyari, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/analysis-of-sustainable-academic-performance-through-interactive-learning-environment-in-higher-education https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Concentration Performance Analysis of Banking Sector: A Comparative Study of Islamic and Conventional Banks of Pakistan Faiza Channa Arifa Bano Talpur Concentration Banking Sector Islamic Conventional The study will examine the performance of Islamic and conventional banks in Pakistan, as well as the impact of concentration on bank efficiency. The structure conduct and performance method is a structural method and the theory of this model holds that the level of profits acquired by the bank is influenced by market structure and the degree of competition. The data for Islamic and conventional have been taken from financial reports of 4 Islamic and 4 conventional banks for the period of 2006 to 2020. PLS regression method has been applied which is then verified with the help of the Breusch-Pagan test and analysis further tested fixed and random effect models which were verified with the help of the Hausman test. The finding of the study confirmed the significant relationship between HHI and CR with Performance indicators (ROA, ROE, NIM, and NPM) of both banking systems. However, the ROE of conventional banks was observed non-significant with Concentration variables. Humanity Publications Masters in Finance, Mehran University Institute of Science Technology and Development, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Mehran University Institute of Science Technology and Development, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/concentration-performance-analysis-of-banking-sector-a-comparative-study-of-islamic-and-conventional-banks-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Role of a Project Management Office (PMO) In Ensuring Human Resource (HR) Sustainable Operations Dildar Ali Mari Ali Raza Ghulam Murtaza Lahbar Project Management Office Human Resources Organization Stakeholders Sustainable Operations The importance of having a coordination cell, such as a Project Management Office (PMO), within a project organization, cannot be overstated, especially as projects become more complex and involve multiple stakeholders. One crucial aspect of a PMO is its ability to incorporate the principles of sustainability within its process framework. By considering sustainability, the PMO ensures that project requirements are met in a way that minimizes the need for rework and promotes environmentally and socially responsible practices. This alignment with sustainability principles contributes to the long-term success and positive impact of projects. A well-established PMO plays a vital role in preventing project failures by addressing challenges. Scope creep refers to uncontrolled changes or additions to the project scope and a failure to meet project objectives. The PMO helps manage scope by establishing clear processes for scope change control and ensuring that changes are properly evaluated, approved, and incorporated into the project plan. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Business Administration, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Superintendent Record Officer, Student Support Centre (SSC), Bahria University, Karachi Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Benazir School of Business, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-role-of-a-project-management-office-pmo-in-ensuring-human-resource-hr-sustainable-operations https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Examining the Connection between Glass Ceiling Beliefs and Job Performance of Female Employees in Directorates of Education, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Shabana Akbar Kausar Takrim Neelam Akbar Glass Ceiling Beliefs Denial Resilience Resignation Acceptance Job Performance Cultural barriers make it harder for women to rise in an organizational context in Pakistan, but the sociological and cultural infrastructure of industrialized nations provides more power for women to hold high positions. The purpose of the current research is to look at the influence of glass ceiling beliefs (Denial, Resilience, Resignation, and Acceptance) on the job performance of female employees in Khyber-education Pakhtunkhwa's department in Peshawar. Through a convenient sample approach, an adapted questionnaire was sent to 275 female employees at the directorate of education offices through email and personal contacts; the acquired data was analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. The study's findings indicated that the first and second hypotheses, according to which denial, resilience, and work performance are positively and substantially related, are accepted. However, the resignation and acceptance were found to be negligible, indicating a negative relationship between these variables and female employee work performance, leading to the rejection of the study's third and fourth hypotheses. Humanity Publications Assistant Director, Department of Higher Education, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Resource and Facility Management, College of Home Economics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Center for Management and Commerce, University of Swat, Swat, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/examining-the-connection-between-glass-ceiling-beliefs-and-job-performance-of-female-employees-in-directorates-of-education-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Varying Effects of Self-efficacy and Creative Cognition on Employees' Adaptability in Uncertain Work Situations Zia ul Islam Muhammad Ali Assadullah Creative cognition Self-efficacy Adaptability Uncertainty This research paper aims to expand the literature on employee adaptability in uncertain situations by establishing its relationship with creative cognition. The study also tests the interacting effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between creative cognition and adaptability. A self-administered survey was conducted on 431 healthcare professionals working in central districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Data was tested through regression analysis on SPSS version 23 to analyze the relationship hypothesized in a theoretical framework. The results of the analysis demonstrated that creative cognition predicts employee adaptability in uncertainty. The results also affirmed that this relationship become more strengthened for employees with high self-efficacy. The research study makes a valuable contribution to employee adaptability pieces of literature by examining the relationship between creative cognition and employee adaptability in uncertain and unpredictable work situations and by witnessing self-efficacy as an interacting variable such as that higher value of self-efficacy will strengthen the established relationship of creative cognition and adaptability.The study also expressed the managerial implications, limitations of the study and future directions also discussed. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Air University School of Management, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Air University, Multan campus, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-varying-effects-of-selfefficacy-and-creative-cognition-on-employees-adaptability-in-uncertain-work-situations https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Employability Skills for Education Graduates: A Narrative Literature Review Amna Arif Tayyaba Tariq Mir Employability Skills Graduate Employability Pre-service Teachers Labour Market Pakistan This literature review explores the concept of employability skills and their importance for graduates, especially in the education sector. Employability skills are the abilities that make a person suitable and capable for a job and improve their career prospects. The review examines the various definitions, dimensions, and sources of employability skills and the factors that influence their development and acquisition. The review also analyses the relationship between employability skills and the job market and how graduates can enhance their employability by having the skills in demand. The review concludes that employability skills are essential for graduates to succeed in a competitive and changing environment and that there is a need for more research on how to measure and foster these skills among pre-service teachers. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/employability-skills-for-education-graduates-a-narrative-literature-review https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Poverty Alleviation through the Islamic Finance Inclusion: Systematic Literature Review Muhammad Musa Hassan Shakeel Shah Kifayat Ullah Khan Islamic Financial Inclusion Social Actions Islamic finance SLR The goal of this study is to evaluate how financial inclusion reduces poverty. The paper first examines how financial inclusion reduces poverty. The research article then compares Islamic and mainstream financial inclusion. Thirdly, the study examines global Islamic financial inclusion components.Islamic finance alleviates poverty and promotes economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social responsibility. The restriction on riba, profit-and-loss sharing, asset-backed lending, ethical investment, zakat and sadqah, and financial education, which are crucial to Islamic financial inclusion, creates these effects. Islamic finance encourages ethical investing, socially responsible business practices, charity, and social welfare. All these behaviours encourage social responsibility. The Islamic Research and Training Institute, International Institute of Islamic Banking and Financing, and UNDP say Islamic financing promotes society.These effects make Islamic financial inclusion a more just and equitable society. Humanity Publications PhD Candidate, International Institute Of Islamic Banking and Finance, International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Thought and Civilization, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Finance, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/poverty-alleviation-through-the-islamic-finance-inclusion-systematic-literature-review https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Longitudinal Analysis of Sustainable Development in Pakistan: Trends and Hindrances to Youth Development Farhan Ahmed Faiz Muhammad Sharif Allah Dad Longitudinal analysis Youth development Education Sustainable development Pakistan This study examined the longitudinal trends and hindrances to sustainable development in Pakistan, with a specific focus on education, poverty reduction, and gender equality. Using official statistics from various national surveys and reports, the study analyzed inter-provincial development from 2001 to 2020. Content analysis and time series forecasting were used to identify discrepancies and predict future scenarios. Modernization and Path-dependency theories are employed to identify hindrances to development. A secondary data collection method was utilized for this study. The core research objective was to analyze the hindrances to sustainable development in Pakistan, particularly in the areas of education, poverty reduction, and gender equality. The major findings uncovered that in Pakistan despite being a signatory of SDG, there is limited implementation of these goals. Poverty and illiteracy level is high in far-flung areas of the country, especially in Balochistan. Moreover, for youth, there are various challenges like poverty, illiteracy, and gender inequality. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, School of Sociology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Scholar, School of Sociology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Sociology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/longitudinal-analysis-of-sustainable-development-in-pakistan-trends-and-hindrances-to-youth-development https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Exploring the Banking Support System Available for Visually Impaired Individuals in the Local Banks: A Qualitative Study Rabisha Laraib Khan Samina Ashraf Kashif Iqbal Banking System Person Visual Impairment Banking Legislation Policies This study aimed to seek the status of banking support available for people with visual impairments. This research was exploratory and qualitative. 20 people who were visually challenged made up the study's sample. For data collection, the researcher used a purposive sampling technique. The protocol for the self-developed semi-structured interview served as the data collection technique. The expert opinion (N=04) assured the content validity of the instrument. In addition to pilot testing, a thorough literature review was conducted to verify the questionnaire's reliability. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The data analysis produced 5 key themes: perception of visually impaired persons (VIPs), challenges for VIPs, dealing with literate or illiterate blind, banking services, and improving banking services. The study's results showed that males with visual impairment made up the majority of the participants, and they claimed that banks are not properly implementing the law as it stands. Humanity Publications B. Ed (Hons) Special Education, Government Training College for Teachers of Blind, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Special Education, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/exploring-the-banking-support-system-available-for-visually-impaired-individuals-in-the-local-banks-a-qualitative-study https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Examining the Interplay of Corporate Governance, Ownership Structure, and Capital Structure: The Impact of Board Governance as a Moderator Fahad Hussain Muhammad Ziaullah Asghar Hayyat Corporate Governance Ownership Structure Capital Structure Non-financial Companies PSX This study examines the impact of board governance on the relationship between Ownership Structure (OS) and Financial Leverage (FLEV) using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) models. Analyzing data from sixty non-financial companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (2014-2018), we find a negative association between manager shareholding and debt-equity structure. No significant associations are found between institutional shareholders, foreign investors, independent directors, and capital structure. The beta coefficient of board gender diversity is negatively correlated with financial leverage. Results vary across models, highlighting nuanced interactions. Our findings offer insights for policymakers, managers, and investors seeking to enhance the economic performance of Pakistani firms. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/examining-the-interplay-of-corporate-governance-ownership-structure-and-capital-structure-the-impact-of-board-governance-as-a-moderator https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Assessing Technical Efficiency and Resource Utilization in Dryland Groundnut Farming: A Case Study of Tehsil Chakwal Muhammad Taseer Rasheed Safdar Hussain Abdul Saboor Technical Efficiency Dryland Agriculture Groundnut Farming Resource Utilization This research examines dryland agriculture's technical efficiency among groundnut farmers in Chakwal Tehsil. Groundnut cultivation is crucial for food security in arid regions. The study analyzes current technical efficiency and ways to optimize resource use. Results show many farmers can increase output by 51% with better input combinations. Technical efficiency scores range from 2% to 99%, indicating diverse practices. Tailored approaches like extension services and plot demos are essential for improvement. The study relates findings to sustainable agriculture and rural development. Enhanced technical efficiency benefits farms, the environment, and the economy. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics and Agri-Economics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics and Agri-Economics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of social sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/assessing-technical-efficiency-and-resource-utilization-in-dryland-groundnut-farming-a-case-study-of-tehsil-chakwal https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Determine of Ginger in Punjab Pakistan Rukhsana Sabir Arshad Mahmood Malik Ginger Farmers. Determinants Supply This study employs Multiple Linear Regression to analyze factors influencing ginger cultivation in Punjab. Notably, increased availability of newly introduced seeds positively impacts ginger supply. Livestock ownership also correlates with higher ginger production, suggesting household asset programs could aid in addressing supply concerns. However, revenue from non-ginger sources negatively affects supply. This research highlights the need for informed decision-making by farmers, emphasizing the roles of extension agents and stakeholders in providing guidance. The findings underscore the potential of seed distribution and livestock-focused initiatives to enhance ginger production and offer avenues for sustainable agricultural practices. Humanity Publications M. Phil. Scholar, Department of economics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of economics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/determine-of-ginger-in-punjab-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).21 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Greening the Bottom Line: Investigating the Influence of Green Management Innovation on Firm Financial Performance in the Pakistani Manufacturing Sector Hafiz Ahmad Ashraf Javed Iqbal Waseem Anjum Green Management Innovation Green Technology Innovation Firm’s Financial Performance Manufacturing Sector Pakistan Due to growing worldwide industrial apprehension, adopting green innovation ` essential in addressing environmental issues. Current study investigates the impact of green management innovation (GMgt) on firm financial performance (FPP). In addition, this study examines the mediating effect of green process innovation (GPrcI) and green product innovation (GPdI) between GMgt and FPP. Data were analyzed through SPSS and AMOS. Based on a sample of 307 top and middle level employees in the Pakistani manufacturing industry. The results revealed that GMgtI has a significant impact on FFP. Second, GPrcI significantly mediates the relationship between GMgtI and FPP. Third, GpdI insignificantly mediates the relationship between GMgtI and FFP. The results also showed that green image significantly moderates the relationship between GPrcI, GPdI and FPP. Finally, the study provides implications for manufacturing firms interested in implementing green innovation practices. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, University of Central Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Business Administration, Bahria University Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Computer Sciences, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan.. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/greening-the-bottom-line-investigating-the-influence-of-green-management-innovation-on-firm-financial-performance-in-the-pakistani-manufacturing-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).22 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Comprehensive Study of Workplace Bullying and its Influence on Motivation and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour in Pakistan's Branch Banking Sector Syed Fahad Ali Rabia Shahzad Athar Marwat Motivation Banking OCB Bullying During the COVID-19 pandemic, the study examined bank staff motivation, workforce bullying behaviour and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB). The present study aimed at exploring how motivation helped organizations promote employees' extra-role behaviour in the presence of workplace bullying. Data was collected from 271 (confirmed as 248) branch banking workers from numerous Pakistani banks. Social media and structured Google Forms utilize data using sampling methods (such as snowballs). The findings discovered that motivation has positive impacts on OCB, and also illuminate workplace bullying mediating consequences on staff motivation and OCB in Pakistan's banking sector. The study's recommendations can improve employee motivation and OCB by making banks more supportive. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Dr Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Dr Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Independent Researcher, Management Sciences, IQRA National University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/a-comprehensive-study-of-workplace-bullying-and-its-influence-on-motivation-and-organizational-citizenship-behaviour-in-pakistans-branch-banking-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).23 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Effects of Entrepreneurial Leadership, and Transformational Leadership on Innovation Behavior Muhammad Irshad Muhammad Ziaullah Asghar Hayyat Entrepreneurial leadership Transformational Leadership Innovation climate Intellectual agility Intrinsic Motivation This study examines the impact of entrepreneurial and transformational leadership on employee innovative behaviour, mediated by an innovation climate with intellectual agility and moderated by intrinsic motivation. Data from 341 full-time IT sector employees in Pakistan were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Structural equation modelling was employed for analysis. Results indicate that both leadership styles enhance employees' intellectual agility and innovative behaviour. The study underscores the significant role of innovation climate in fostering innovative behaviour. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation moderates the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative behaviour. These findings empower leaders to foster innovation, cultivate conducive environments, and encourage open idea-sharing. The study sheds light on implications, limitations, and avenues for future research. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-effects-of-entrepreneurial-leadership-and-transformational-leadership-on-innovation-behavior https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).24 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Assessing the Effectiveness of Performance Appraisals on Employees Performance of Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (PCAA) Muhammad Ali Lakhan Junaid Ahmed Sheikh Muhammad Fakhr-e-Alam Siddiqui HRM Performance Appraisal Employee Performance Fairness in Evaluation Accuracy in Appraisal Relationships with Peers and Supervisors and Satisfaction with Performance Appraisal The evaluation of organizational performance by Human Resource Management (HRM) is crucial for various benefits. This includes enhancing operational efficiency, facilitating comprehensive communication, informing employment decisions, and developing personnel development strategies. This research attempts to determine how employee performance at the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (PCAA) is affected by PA (Performance Appraisal). The research takes into account a number of distinct variables, such as the evaluation's fairness, correctness, relationships with peers and supervisors, and appraised satisfaction. Employee performance is the dependent factor under consideration. According to statistical analysis, performance appraisal and employee performance results in PCAA are related. The results show that aside from the independent factor i.e. Fairness about appraisal (FPA) regarding the performance appraisal process in PCAA Employees and Performance appraisal satisfaction are not delighted with how fair the Appraisal process is of PCAA, however, it has partial significance and not significant in Employees Performance, remaining study variables are significant. Humanity Publications Student at Karachi University Business School (KUBS), University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Services and General Administration Department, Government of Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor at Karachi University Business School, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/assessing-the-effectiveness-of-performance-appraisals-on-employees-performance-of-pakistan-civil-aviation-authority-pcaa https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).25 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Corporate Misconduct on Industry Peers: A Case Study of Pakistan Hafsa Awan Abubakr Saeed Spillover Industry Peers Accused Firms According to a new study on stigma spillover, the crisis spillover effect spreads from one firm to the next within an industry. However, the impact and contributing factors to the crisis spillover remain unknown. We enhance this research by investigating two related questions: What influence does an accused firm's wrongdoing have on the performance of industry peers in the same industry? What influence do product similarity and distance have on this spillover effect? Using panel data from 240 companies in Pakistan, our linear model results reveal that product similarity negatively affects the cumulative abnormal returns on the industry peers while there is a positive effect of distance on the performance of industry peers, as measured by the duration of crisis spillover. Our findings make significant contributions to both the literature and practice. Humanity Publications P.hD. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-corporate-misconduct-on-industry-peers-a-case-study-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).26 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of In-service Teachers' Training on Developing Financial Management Competencies of Educational Managers at the Secondary School Level in Punjab Muhammad Abbas Syed Tasleem Abbas Shah Muhammad Arif Financial Management School Councils Planning Commission Educational Managers In-Service Teacher Training Program Promotion-Linked Training Program The aim of this study was to deal with in-service promotion-linked training programs conducted by the (QAED) wing on the development of financial management competencies among educational managers at Punjab's secondary school level. The management is entrusted with multifaceted financial responsibilities. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews with purposively selected Twelve educational managers who have completed the training. Thematic analysis was employed to identify common patterns and themes within the qualitative data, illuminating the nuanced ways in which the training impacts educational managers' financial competencies. The findings will not only contribute to the knowledge base but also hold the potential to inform the design and delivery of training programs tailored to meet the specific financial demands of educational managers in Punjab's secondary schools. Ultimately, the study's insights are anticipated to contribute to more informed financial decision-making within educational institutions, positively influencing the quality of education and overall institutional growth. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development (QAED/DSD), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-inservice-teachers-training-on-developing-financial-management-competencies-of-educational-managers-at-the-secondary-school-level-in-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).27 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Dynamics of Use of IMF Debt: Evidence from IMF Members Countries Talal Khan Zafir Ullah Khan Muhammad Zubair Khan Heavily Indebted Countries ARDL Use of IMF Panel Co-integration Crowding out This research scrutinize dynamics of use of IMF credit on the growth performance of the ten most heavily indebted countries of the world. The study employs a panel of ten countries during the period 1990-2022. Multiple tests, including LLC, IPS, Maddala-WU, and Fisher Augmented DF, reveals mixed order of integrations. Additionally, the panel co-integration tests by Pedroni, Kao, and Westerlund indicate existence of steady state equilibrium between growth performance and use of IMF loans taken by the sampled countries. The empirical results indicate that the use of IMF credit significantly and adversely affects the economic growth of these ten highly indebted countries. Moreover, the study identifies detrimental effects stemming from government expenditure, debt servicing, and inflation on economic growth. The study proposes that governments should implement austerity measures, search for alternative debt sources and control on imports and ensure proper utilization of IMF credit to save foreign reserves. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of Economics, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Director, Institute of Management Sciences, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/dynamics-of-use-of-imf-debt-evidence-from-imf-members-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).28 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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An Investigation of the Performance Management System of Civil Servants in the Provincial Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Tariq Mehmood Junesso Lee Performance Management System of Civil Servants Performance Measurement New Public Management Human Resource Management Galbraith’s Star Model Two-factor motivation theory Civil Service Perfo The performance management system of civil servants (PMSCS) is one of the key areas of human resource management (HRM) doctrine. This paper examines the current status of the (PMSCS) in the provincial government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; the causes of delays in implementation; identifies the best (PMSCS) practices in the world and suggests recommendations to the policymakers. This is exploratory research and uses both secondary and primary data. The findings are analyzed through the lens of Galbraith&#39;s Star model and the two-factor motivation theory. This study validates secondary data by relying on in-depth interviews of civil servants belonging to various government departments. This study finds out that (PMSCS) is weak due to political interference; lack of internal accountability; absence of vigorous human resource policy; and non-linkage of (PMSCS) to performance-based promotion and reward systems. Measures such as goal identification, de-politicization of the civil service system, and 360-degree evaluation system can help to strengthen (PMSCS). Humanity Publications MA Student, KDI School of Public Policy and Management, Sejong, Republic of South Korea. Associate Professor, KDI School of Public Policy and Management, Sejong, Republic of South Korea. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/an-investigation-of-the-performance-management-system-of-civil-servants-in-the-provincial-government-of-khyber-pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).29 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Linking Servant Leadership with Employee Innovative Behavior: The Intervening Role of Leadership Trust Syed Hidayat Ullah Shah Fahad Khan Afridi Sajid Rahman Khattak Hierarchical Regression Analysis Structural Equation Modeling Employee Innovation Servant Leadership A business's ability to grow and gain a competitive advantage mainly depends on its workforce's inventiveness. However, the connection or processes behind the creative activity of employees and servant leadership (SL) have yet to be the subject of considerable study. This study, grounded on the LMX theory, looks at the correlation between worker creativity and SL from the standpoint of the employee-leadership relationship. It also explores the mediating function of leadership trust. Five hundred workers in Peshawar, Pakistan, provided information. With the data we had gathered, we ran structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression analysis using Amos 24 and SPSS 26.0. The outcome demonstrated that leadership trust was an intervening factor in the positive association between servant leadership and workers' creative endeavors. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business & Management Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/linking-servant-leadership-with-employee-innovative-behavior-the-intervening-role-of-leadership-trust https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).30 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Decoding Investor Decision-Making: Unraveling Psychological Factors and Educational Moderation in Financial Markets Kainat Bibi Shams Ur Rahman Adil Sufyan Qayum Investor Decision-making Psychological Factors Education Moderation Financial Literacy Herding Behavior This study delves into the influence of psychological factors on investors' decision-making, with a focus on the moderating role of education. The target population comprises 883 domestic individual investors registered in the Pakistan Stock Exchange. Employing a structured questionnaire, opinions were gathered from a sample of 275 financial domestic individual investors. The findings reveal a positive and significant association between risk propensity, risk perception, and investment decisions. Conversely, herding behaviour exhibits a negative and significant impact, indicating that heightened herding behaviour reduces investors' decision to invest. Further analysis underscores the combined effect (moderating effect) of risk propensity financial literacy, revealing a significant yet negative impact on investors' decisions, while risk perception financial literacy demonstrates a positive and significant effect. The concluding table highlights the positively significant presence of loss aversion bias. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Institute of Business and Management Sciences, Agriculture University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business and Management Sciences, Agriculture University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Institute of Business and Management Sciences, Agriculture University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/decoding-investor-decisionmaking-unraveling-psychological-factors-and-educational-moderation-in-financial-markets https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Entropy as A Measure of Volatility : A Case Study of Special Convertible Rupee Account (SCRA) and Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) Uzair Esaa Muhammad Ismail Muteeullah Channa Entropy Volatility SCRA (Special Convertible Rupee Account) PSX (Pakistan Stock Exchange This study investigates the volatility of the market value of the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) and the equity market value of the Special Convertible Rupee Account (SCRA). The study utilizes entropy, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation as measures of volatility to gain a comprehensive understanding of the data. The results reveal a strong correlation between SCRA and PSX during the period of analysis. Furthermore, the volatility measures indicate that SCRA exhibits higher volatility as compared to PSX. This finding contradicts what standard deviation and coefficient of variation suggest, emphasizing the importance of considering multiple volatility measures. The findings highlight the significance of SCRA as a factor influencing the market value of PSX and the need for careful consideration of volatility measures when formulating investment strategies. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the volatility comparison of SCRA and PSX.. Humanity Publications Statistical Officer, Ministry of Defence, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Statistics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Statistics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/entropy-as-a-measure-of-volatility-a-case-study-of-special-convertible-rupee-account-scra-and-pakistan-stock-exchange-psx https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Work of Underage Individuals in Pakistan: Social and Economic Contributing Factors Ahmad Raza Syed Fahad Ali Shah Nahida Noor Child labor Wages Education Enrollment Labor Force Survey Pakistan Work of underage people or child work denotes the engagement of children in any type of activity that divests them from their childhood. The present study piloted to investigate the social and economic determinants of work by underage people in Pakistan. The study uses probit and logit estimation techniques for the purposes of analysis. The study found that education of the underage individuals and of the household head condenses the probability of work by under agers. The wages of household head indicates the financial situation of the household. This exerts inverse impact on the labor by under agers. Humanity Publications Manager, Montrose Deli, Chicago, United States of America. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Chitral, KP, Pakistan. Subject Specialist, Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, KP, Pakistan 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/work-of-underage-individuals-in-pakistan-social-and-economic-contributing-factors https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Effect of Financial Literacy and Financial Self-Efficacy on Individuals' Investment Intention: The Mediating Role of Risk-Taking Behavior Saleem Ullah Khan Syed Imad Shah Muhammad Shafiq Financial literacy financial self‐efficacy investment intention risk‐taking behavior The research specifically contributes to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by examining the financial literacy and financial self‐efficacy of those partaking in financial market activities as major contributing factors toward their intentional behaviors to invest. Furthermore, it also takes into account their risk‐taking behavior as a mediator. Hence, a cross‐sectional research approach was adopted. Additionally, Multiple Regression and the Hayes Process method were used. Primary data was collected through a survey questionnaire from 400 active investors who were statistically selected through purposive sampling. The results indicate that the financial literacy of the respondents, as well as their financial self‐efficacy, significantly determines their intentions to invest (H1, H2). The findings further indicate the partial mediation of their financial literacy and investment intention (H3) relationship and their financial self‐efficacy and investment intention (H4) through their risk‐taking propensity. This research recommends that financial events, trainings, and seminars should be organized for awareness. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Institute of Business and Management Sciences (IBMS), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Studies, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Business and Management Sciences (IBMS), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar KP, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/effect-of-financial-literacy-and-financial-selfefficacy-on-individuals-investment-intention-the-mediating-role-of-risktaking-behavior https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Role of Middle Man in the Marketing of Agricultural Goods in Pakistan: A Case Study of District Swat Naeem Ullah Noor Hassan Middleman Agricultural Goods District Swat This study used primary data which is collected from 96 respondents through a well‐organized questionnaire from the different tehsils of district Swat. For the estimation of the results this study used ordinary least square regression with rebuts standard errors. The study's findings demonstrated a favourable correlation between the ith farmer's income and factors such as their qualifications, the size of their family, their job as a middleman, and their access to markets. Although there is a negative correlation between the output of wheat and rice and the income of the farmer, there is a positive correlation between the production of vegetables. According to this study, providing financial assistance to farmers should be the policy's main objective. The government ought to provide agricultural credits and subsidies to the farmers in the research region. This should provide knowledge, assistance, and agricultural inputs to the farmers. Humanity Publications Graduate (Business Administration), Department of Management Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-role-of-middle-man-in-the-marketing-of-agricultural-goods-in-pakistan-a-case-study-of-district-swat https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Implications of China's Investment in Pakistan-Iran Relations in the 21st Century Saima Basher Aftab Hussain Gillani China-Iran relations Economic cooperation China's Investment The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) shapes the complex relationship between Pakistan, China, and Iran. Geopolitical interests, historical tensions, and economic goals all influence these ties. Strategic ports like Gwadar and Chabahar are important for regional connectivity and BRI's success. The countries navigate external pressures like US sanctions on Iran and India's influence. Collaboration opportunities exist in the technology and energy sectors, but trust and cooperation are needed to address regional challenges and promote stability. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of Pakistan Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/implications-of-chinas-investment-in-pakistaniran-relations-in-the-21st-century https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Exploring the "Symbiotic Mutualism" between the Religious Tourism and World Buddhist Archeological Sites of Pakistan Faryal Wajid Khan Salman Jamil Hasnain Shahzad Religious Tourism Buddhist World Heritage Sites Symbiosis Mutualism Buddhist Archeological Site Symbiosis involves two organisms living together, while mutualism denotes a mutually beneficial relationship. This study delves into the fusion of Religious Tourism and Buddhist World Archeological Sites, aiming to uncover symbiotic mutualism between these seemingly disparate industries. Beginning with understanding this phenomenon and identifying relevant parameters, literature and case studies were analyzed, focusing eventually on Pakistan. The context of Buddhist World Heritage Sites and religious tourism in Pakistan was examined, exploring their mutual relationship. The study investigated the necessary parameters for symbiotic mutualism and assessed its existence and effectiveness through public surveys and interviews. Findings suggest significant potential for mutualism, yet comprehensive frameworks and strategic planning are lacking for its full realization. Public interest and basic guidelines exist, but a cohesive approach is needed to excel in this dimension. This research underscores the untapped potential of merging Buddhist archaeological sites with religious tourism, calling for concerted efforts to capitalize on this opportunity. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Architecture, University of Engineering and Technology, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Engineering and Technology, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Arts and Design, Hazara University MansheraHazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/exploring-the-symbiotic-mutualism-between-the-religious-tourism-and-world-buddhist-archeological-sites-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Impact of Organizational Justice and Organizational Culture on Employees' Commitment with Mediating Role of Employees' Satisfaction and Moderating Role of Work Environment: Evidence from Pakistan Muhammad Fayaz Khan Alam Zeb Muhammad Alam Khan Organizational Justice Organizational Culture Job Satisfaction Employee’s Commitment This paper is an attempt to explore the impact of organizational justice and organizational culture on employees' commitment in of Pakistani telecom sector. A questionnaire is administered to a sample of randomly selected 240 employees working in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Reliability, descriptive statistics and regression analysis have been used for analysis. Results of the study reveal that organizational justice and organizational culture have a direct positive impact on employees' commitment. There is a mediating role of Job satisfaction between organizational justice and organizational culture and employee commitment and a moderating role of Work environment between job satisfaction and employee commitment. The study provides valuable suggestions both for managers and academicians. Humanity Publications Assistant Commissioner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Public Service Commission, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Tourism and Hotel Management, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-organizational-justice-and-organizational-culture-on-employees-commitment-with-mediating-role-of-employees-satisfaction-and-moderating-role-of-work-environment-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Analyzing the Effect of Infant Mortality, Life Expectancy and Health Expenses on Labor Force Participation in Pakistan Ahmad Raza Syed Fahad Ali Shah Saif Ul Mujahid Shah Health Indicators Labor Force Participation Education Expenditure Variables This study has analyzed the effect of different health indicators like life expectancy, infant mortality rate and health expenses on labor force participation in Pakistan. The study employs autoregressive distributed lag model on time series data for empirical analysis. The study found that infant mortality rate and life expectancy have important impact on the labor force participation in Pakistan. The regression results indicated that public sector expenditures on health sector also exert positive impact on the labor force participation. This shows that healthy individuals can better participate in the market activities. Moreover, human capital variable like education is also likely to exert positive effect on labor force participation of individuals. Humanity Publications Manager, Montrose Deli, United States of America. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Chitral, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Chitral, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/analyzing-the-effect-of-infant-mortality-life-expectancy-and-health-expenses-on-labor-force-participation-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Effect of Corporate Diversification on the Value of Cash Holding Idrees Ali Shah Saleem Ullah Khan Muhammad Fahad Siddiqi Corporate Diversification Corporate Governance Competition Sharia Compliant Firms Pakistan The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between corporate diversification on the value of cash holding. Furthermore, the research also examined the corporate diversification‐value of cash holding relationship with good and poor corporate governance (CG); industrial competitiveness and industrial non‐competitiveness; family and non‐family oriented firms; Sharia and non‐Sharia compliant firms. The data is used for the years 2017 to 2022 of non‐financial firms registered on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. The result predicts that corporate diversification exerts a negative effect on the value of cash holding but this negative relationship becomes positive in good‐governed firms, completive industries and Sharia label firms. On the other hand, corporate diversification exerts a negative effect on the value of cash holding in family‐oriented firms due to agency problems. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Business and Management Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business and Management Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business and Management Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/effect-of-corporate-diversification-on-the-value-of-cash-holding https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Reshaping the Financial Landscape through Fintech and Digital Finance Hira Tanvir Samia Manan Digitalization FinTech Capital Intermediation Asymmetries This article offers a comprehensive examination of the research conducted on the effects of digitalization on the ability to get financial resources. Our primary emphasis is on providing access via the use of financial technology. This article examines the progression of three prominent financial technology advancements: crowdfunding, initial coin offerings, and fintech lending (which encompasses peer-to-peer lending alternatives). The topics of discussion are: Examine the regulatory concerns posed by fintech, together with the present data on the impact of fintech on the availability of capital for entrepreneurs and investors. The articles featured in this special edition have been chosen to emphasize their substantial contributions to our comprehension of the digitization of finance and its consequences. Lastly, we address the challenges linked to doing research in the field of digital finance and suggest potential avenues for further exploration. Humanity Publications MSc FinTech, Imperial College London, England. Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Chitral, Chitral, KP, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/reshaping-the-financial-landscape-through-fintech-and-digital-finance https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers on Pakistan's Exports: Accounting for Product Heterogeneity Usama bin Shuja Arslan Tariq Rana Waheed Ahmad Khan Trade Tariff And Non-Tariff Barriers Fixed Effects Gravity Model The current study analyzes the impact of tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) on exports of Pakistan with its partner countries at aggregated as well as disaggregated level. By employing the Gravity Model of Trade with Fixed Effects methodology controlling for country, product and time fixed effects, the study utilizes panel data from Pakistan and 191 other countries for the period 1995-2017. The findings reveal a negative relationship between tariff barriers and trade flows. In the context of NTBs, both positive and negative relationships are found. Specifically, Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures decrease trade, while Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) measures tend to increase it, particularly at the disaggregated product level. The study concludes that NTBs might not be detrimental for the country. Pakistan's exports are more affected by SPS measures compared to other NTBs. The study’s policy implication is that exporters need to prioritize compliance with TBT measures. Humanity Publications Underraduate, Department of Economics, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-tariff-and-nontariff-barriers-on-pakistans-exports-accounting-for-product-heterogeneity https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Nexus between Human Capital Resiliency and Supply Chain Resiliency: A Phenomenological Study Syed Aamir Alam Rizvi Mohsin Ali Hasan Raza Disruptions Resilience Human Capital Supply Chain Resilience Phenomenological Study All nations, communities, organisations, and people are affected by a complex and dynamic business environment. Threats from this unpredictable environment might emerge from within or outside an organisation and vary in frequency and degree. Creating a resilient system overall can fix that. This research seeks to understand how human capital and the supply chain share crisis resilience. A descriptive qualitative study using the phenomenological technique explores managers' views on supply chain and human capital resilience. Results reveal that supply chain resiliency—the essence of resilience—is substantially correlated with human capital. Supply chain resilience requires human capital resilience. Strong personnel can handle crises, adapt, collaborate, contribute, innovate, and build a strong supply chain. This study identifies supply chain-human capital resiliency nexus factors to help firms improve supply chain performance. Outperforming competitors in volatile markets enhances corporate performance. Data from internal and external sources can improve a company's supply chain and human capital resilience. Humanity Publications Research scholar, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, National Textile University, Karachi Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/nexus-between-human-capital-resiliency-and-supply-chain-resiliency-a-phenomenological-study https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring Sustainable Economic Strategies for Pakistan: Breaking Dependency on IMF Assistance Rameen Afzal Tayba Anwar Iqra Sarfraz World Bank UNDP Economic Strategies Policy Recommendations Sustainable Development Domestic Policies Sovereignty PIDE The objective of this research is to find a viable and sustainable economic vision for Pakistan. Stresses the need to reduce dependence on assistance from the International Monetary Fund. This research acknowledges past dependence on the IMF and explores alternatives that support independence and stability in the financial system. This study looks at these countries that have successfully achieved independence with the ongoing support of the IMF to identify the key ideas and strategies that Pakistan can use. The study was conducted using quantitative assessment. Policymakers, economists, and stakeholders are expected to gain important insights from the results. This will help in the development of a strong economic framework that promotes freedom and resilience in the face of external financial challenges. Humanity Publications Undergraduate, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Undergraduate, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/exploring-sustainable-economic-strategies-for-pakistan-breaking-dependency-on-imf-assistance https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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What are the Most Effective Economic Growth Engines: A Descriptive Study Focusing on Pakistan Hidayat Ullah Khan Economic Growth Engines SWOT Descriptive Study Pakistan The growth of a country depends on the economic growth engines (EEGs). These EEGs vary from country to country and region to region, depending on the various factors. This study attempts to identify the most effective EEGs vis-à vis Pakistan. The study is descriptive in nature and uses the Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT) approach for a time span of the last 7 years. The results show that Pakistan is lagging behind in terms of a number of EEGs, particularly innovation, trade, and investment, for which it will not only accelerate its pace on the existing trajectory but also reorient its directions. The study suggests that Pakistan has to exploit its full potential of EEGs, where it has a comparative advantage, to ensure sustainable economic growth. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/what-are-the-most-effective-economic-growth-engines-a-descriptive-study-focusing-on-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Socio-Economic Consequences of Urban Sprawl on Agricultural Communities in Bara Kahu Islamabad Samina Younu Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry Socioeconomic Livelihood Urban Sprawl Agriculture Explanatory Over the last few decades, urban sprawling and agricultural land consumption has been out of control in Pakistan. Pakistan is one of the most rapid urbanizing countries in South Asia. The present study examined the issue of urban expansion in Bara Kahu Islamabad Pakistan, relating the expansion of urban sprawl, loss of agricultural land, and evolution of new socioeconomic impacts on agricultural societies. This study identifies the socioeconomic drivers. Explanatory and qualitative research designs and unstructured questionnaires were used to collect data. A sample of 30 respondents was taken from the population using snowball sampling. Urban sprawl leads to demographic change which leads the younger population to shift to urban areas in search of better economic opportunities, jobs, and employment this leads to aging farmers and a shortage of farm labor. Ultimately, urban sprawl has lots of socioeconomic consequences on agricultural communities, like economic instability, unemployment and health issues. Addressing these issues to make urban planning and policies that balance urbanization with the preservation of agricultural land and rural livelihood. Humanity Publications Mphil Scholar, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor & Chairman, Department of Anthropology, PMAS Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/socioeconomic-consequences-of-urban-sprawl-on-agricultural-communities-in-bara-kahu-islamabad https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Do Trade and Foreign Direct Investment Contribute to Environmental Degradation in Pakistan Sania Roshan Fazale Wahid Asma Saeed Trade Foreign Direct Investment Environmental Degradation and Pakistan This study aimed to examine the impact of trade and Foreign Direct Investment on environmental degradation in Pakistan. This study used annual time series data over the period of 1990 to 2022. Based on the nature of the data, ADF and PP tests are employed to test the stationarity of the data. Tests reported a mixed order of stationarity for different variables of the study. Therefore, the literature advised to use ARDL estimation Technique for estimation purpose of the parameters of the model. In the first step, Bound Test confirmed the existence of the long-run association between the variables of the model of the study. Some additional variables are also added to the model based on their importance these variables are national income /production and energy consumption. The impact of FDI and income is found positive and significant in the long run.  Humanity Publications Undergraduate, Department of Economics, Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Department of Economics, Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/do-trade-and-foreign-direct-investment-contribute-to-environmental-degradation-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Economic and Environmental Implications of BRI for China Aswad Liaqat Qasim Shahzad Gill Muhammad Arslan Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) China Economic Implications This research aims to elucidate the economic and environmental implications of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for China. President Xi Jinping announced the BRI in 2013 to connect China with Eurasia, South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. China has established financial institutions to support this mammoth project. It has economic benefits for China regarding its overproduction problem, finding new markets, and diversifying its economy. It will also help poor nations to emerge economically. It has been affecting the environment negatively by emitting carbon dioxide through its construction projects. It has been working in South Asia which is already vulnerable to climate change due to construction projects but China has been working on it to fulfill its aim of zero carbon emission. To complete it successfully, China should engage with partner states to mitigate environmental issues arising from BRT. Humanity Publications Undergraduate, Department of International Relations, Government Collage University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD from Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. PhD Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/economic-and-environmental-implications-of-bri-for-china https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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International Trade and Environmental Degradation: A Developing World Perspective Syeda Bano Arslan Tariq Rana Mohammad Irfan Ali Trade Imports Economic Growth Pollution Developing Countries We investigate the multifaceted links between sectoral imports and exports, financial growth, energy consumption, GDP, and their ability to affect pollution emissions across 113 developing countries from 1990 to 2020. Using a large dataset, we used both fixed and random effects models to explore the various processes underlying this relationship. A major finding highlights the significant effect that sectoral imports have on the increasing trend of CO2 emissions, shedding light on the individual industries and sectors’ imports responsible for the degradation of the environment. Our study efficiently accommodates country-specific differences and temporal fluctuations by utilizing both country and time-fixed effects as well as random effects models, resulting in a robust and detailed investigation of the relationship. This study provides critical insights into the continuing discussions about sustainable development in poor countries, emphasizing the importance of focused policy actions aimed at decoupling economic growth from environmental impact. Humanity Publications Graduate scholar, Department of Economics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/international-trade-and-environmental-degradation-a-developing-world-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Its Impact on the Economy of Pakistan: An Analysis of 2013-2023 Ehsan Ali Muhammad Saeed Khan Muhammad Awais Khalid International Monetary Fund (IMF) Austerity Measures Free Trade Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Foreign direct investment (FDI) This research paper investigates the profound influence of the International Monetary Fund on the economy of Pakistan from 2013 to 2022. Pakistan has been engaged with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) since 1958. Over this period, Pakistan has entered multiple agreements with the IMF, shaping its economic policies significantly. This study employs a comprehensive analysis of IMF programs and their impact either negative or positive on Pakistan's economic landscape. By employing a case study approach, historical analysis, quantitative assessments, and qualitative perspectives, this paper aims to unveil the intricate dynamics between the IMF's directives and Pakistan's economy. It explores how IMF policies, often linked to loan agreements, have influenced Pakistan's autonomy in economic policymaking, impacted sectors like education and healthcare, and shaped the nation's fiscal policies. The research seeks to offer insights into the multifaceted relationship between international economic organizations, particularly the IMF, and the economy of Pakistan. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Undergraduate, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Undergraduate, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/international-monetary-fund-imf-and-its-impact-on-the-economy-of-pakistan-an-analysis-of-20132023 https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Climate Change on Rural Pakistan Muhammad Umar Zaryab Sadiq Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry Climate Change Rural Pakistan Resources Econimic Impact Social Impact Climate change is a huge global issue. However, the severity of negative impacts is higher in the rural areas of developing countries like Pakistan. Thus, this research is carried out with the aim of assessing the impact of climate change on rural areas of Pakistan. The current study will establish a comprehensive assessment of present conditions and future projections with the help of secondary data extracted from various articles, research, and databases. Attention will, therefore, be on the review of the requirement for adaptive actions that shall minimize the negative impacts. The findings serve to motivate these communities to be strategic in adapting and building resilience to increasing problems caused as a result of climate change. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Anthropology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University (PMAS AAUR), Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor & Chairman, Department of Anthropology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University (PMAS AAUR), Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-climate-change-on-rural-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Pak Central Asia's Southern Trade Routes: Critical Comparison of New Central Asian Economic Outlets Madiha Wajid Ali Zahid Yousaf Indo-Pak Rivalry Regional Instability Geopolitical Concerns Climate Change TAP Pipeline Crisis Religious Threat Italianization Export Routes Economic Cooperation The twentieth century is discernable by global events including wars and technological changes focused by the mutual desires of powerful countries as the colonial rule was over and world moved away from closed markets which led to a more connected global economy. In order to remove barriers of trade countries worked hard as a result many regions benefited. Conversely, Asia remained slightly quarantined from international trade. The study is focused on the potential of some countries of Central Asia to become significant players in the global trade market due to their rich oil and gas resources such as Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Central Asia looks for support to engage in trade, including Pakistan. However, challenges like fear of Russian influence, Islamic concerns, and the dominance of the United States have created confusion in the region. Turkey, Iran, Russia, and Pakistan all have different approaches, which complicates the situation. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Gujrat Centre for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor & Dean, Centre for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/pak-central-asias-southern-trade-routes-critical-comparison-of-new-central-asian-economic-outlets https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Digital Transformation and Work Stress Impact on Employee Engagement in the Private Banking Sector Safi Ullah Saira Azeem Stress Impact Employee Engagement Private Banking Digital transformation has been a significant topic of discussion in Pakistan's banking industry. High levels of stress in the workplace might be caused by the introduction of various uncertainties due to technological advancements. Work-related stress can directly impact employees' engagement in their work, jeopardizing the organization's effectiveness. The study took place in a private bank in Indonesia, involving 448 participants located in Jakarta. These responders have witnessed significant technological advancements during the past year. This work utilizes a quantitative approach, specifically employing the Structural Equation Modelling Partial Least Squares (SEM PLS) method. Furthermore, 25 indicators from several worldwide publications are utilized. The study's findings demonstrated that the 25 indicators were able to form each of the latent variables. The research indicated that workplace stress had a negative impact on employee engagement. Therefore, it was suggested to conduct further research on the issues identified in the findings. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Institute of Business & Management Sciences (IBMS), The University of Agriculture Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Alamzeb Shaheed Government Girls Commerce College, Dalazak Road, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/digital-transformation-and-work-stress-impact-on-employee-engagement-in-the-private-banking-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Do Trade and Foreign Direct Investment Contribute to Environmental Degradation in Pakistan Sania Roshan Fazale Wahid Asma Saeed Trade Foreign Direct Investment Environmental Degradation and Pakistan This study aimed to examine the impact of trade and Foreign Direct Investment on environmental degradation in Pakistan. This study used annual time series data over the period of 1990 to 2022. Based on the nature of the data, ADF and PP tests are employed to test the stationarity of the data. Tests reported a mixed order of stationarity for different variables of the study. Therefore, the literature advised to use ARDL estimation Technique for estimation purpose of the parameters of the model. In the first step, Bound Test confirmed the existence of the long-run association between the variables of the model of the study. Some additional variables are also added to the model based on their importance these variables are national income /production and energy consumption. The impact of FDI and income is found positive and significant in the long run. Humanity Publications Undergraduate, Department of Economics, Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Department of Economics, Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/do-trade-and-foreign-direct-investment-contribute-to-environmental-degradation-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:395319 2024-09-30 ger

Clean Energy and Long Run Dynamics of Output, Labor and Capital Stock: Evidence from China Muhammad Shakeel Shahbaz Sharif Muhammad Rashid Energy Sustainability; Economic Production; Clean Energy; Long Run Clean energy has sparked the importance of a sustainable environment and economic production in China. The concerns of climate and global warming can be solved with the adoption of clean energy. This study investigates the potential long-run connection amid economic production, labor, and capital stock with clean energy employing data from the years 1990-2020 in China. The combination of long-run estimates with Granger causalit678y has been employed. The observed output indicates that there is a long-run connection among these variables in an equilibrium sense. Also, changes in clean energy are significant in explaining changes in economic production. The outputs of the causality test corroborate that clean energy is causing economic production. The estimated elasticity of clean energy with respect to production is statistically significant in the long run. The findings imply that the development of new energy technologies for clean energy should be incorporated into the energy mix to balance the supply-demand gap. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Virtual University, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Jehlum Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Jehlum Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/clean-energy-and-long-run-dynamics-of-output-labor-and-capital-stock-evidence-from-china https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:395348 2024-09-30 ger

The Impact of Climate Change on Zero Hunger in South Asia Muhammad Ismail Azra Dilawar Khan Climate Change; Zero Hunger; Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model; Asian Countries Climate change has raised ample concerns about achieving zero hunger.  The goal of the study is to investigate the link between climate change and eradicating hunger in Asian nations. The data span is from 2001 to 2020 from World Bank and KOF. The effect was investigated using the Pool Mean Grouped/Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model which shows that climate change, both in the short-run and long-run, hinders progress toward achieving zero hunger. The conclusion shows that in the long run, a rise in per capita income, globalization, and labor force participation boosts the progress towards achieving zero hunger but, in the short run, per capita income has a significant effect, and globalization and labor force participation have an insignificant effect on zero hunger. Finally, this study offers some recommendations to achieve zero hunger. Humanity Publications Mphil Scholar, Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-climate-change-on-zero-hunger-in-south-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Tracking the Progress of Sustainable Development Goals: Applying Three Approaches in South Asia Salma Sadiq Muhammad Yar Khan Majid Jamal Khan Sustainable Development Goals Sustainability Sustainable Development Index Composite Index Normalization This study assesses sustainable development in South Asian economies based on their development stages, using three distinct approaches: the traditional "GDP approach," focusing on economic indicators; the "Beyond-GDP approach," incorporating social and natural resource indicators; and the "SDG-based approach," emphasizing quality-of-life metrics aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A composite indicator method was employed, selecting nineteen indicator groups for analysis. Key findings show that factors like the Corruption Index, foreign direct investments, government debt, energy imports, and vulnerable employment have the most significant impact on sustainable development. Bhutan and the Maldives rank highest across all approaches, while Pakistan and India rank lowest, with Pakistan scoring the lowest in both the GDP and SDG-based approaches. The study recommends using the SDG-based ranking to prioritize development efforts and funding allocation, with specific suggestions for enhancing sustainability in the region. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt , Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/tracking-the-progress-of-sustainable-development-goals-applying-three-approaches-in-south-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:395379 2024-09-30 ger

Twin Deficit Assumptions: A Case Study of Pakistan (Cab from 2000 to 2023) and (FD from 2008 to 2024) Muhammad Saleem Rahpoto Syed Iftikhar Ali Shah Haque Nabi Twin Deficits Current Account Balance Deficit Fiscal Deficit Direct &amp; Indirect Taxes The aim of this article is to investigate the link between fiscal deficit and current account deficit which is the high rate of fiscal deficit budget and commonly known as twin deficit or deficits assumptions in the Pakistani economy (Khalil Mudassar, Amjad Fakher, Sajid Ali & Fozia Sarwar 2013); present economy below growing stress in the fiscal and foreign fronts as a output of huge fiscal deficit & current account balance deficit. The error rectification specification is used to find evidence of long-running connection from fiscal deficit to current account deficit. The analysis results suggest that the current account balance deficit can be determined but the fiscal deficit budget balance is very challenging and from deficit to growth rate but through strong policies of the government for imposing direct and indirect taxes which will be strong can reduce the fiscal deficit and growing towards the growth rate of the economy. Humanity Publications Professor & Chairman, Department of Economics Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Faculty of Science and Management, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Faculty of Science and Management, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/twin-deficit-assumptions-a-case-study-of-pakistan-cab-from-2000-to-2023-and-fd-from-2008-to-2024 https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Grain Subsidy Policy on Agricultural Ecological Efficiency: Evidence from Pakistan Muhammad Ikhlaq Noor Fatima Sabahat Subhan Agriculture Environmental Sustainability Ecological Efficiency Grain Subsidy The complex relationship between grain subsidy programs and agricultural ecological efficiency in Pakistan is becoming increasingly important in sustainable agriculture and environmental preservation. This study uses a quasi-experimental methodology. SPSS software was used to conduct the statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were initially calculated for each variable. This study analyses grain subsidy policies using modern literature and empirical data, acknowledging government interventions' crucial significance in agricultural practices in Pakistan. The results show that, firstly, grain subsidy a siginfance positive relationship with ecological efficiency. Secondly the nagtive grain subsidy effect on soil health and soil pH(Avg.change). One consequence of such projects is boosting food production and supporting farmers economicallyThe study recommends legislative changes that balance agricultural productivity and environmental protection. These include promoting sustainable farming, reforming subsidy programs to encourage ecological practices, and incorporating environmental factors into agricultural legislation. Humanity Publications MPA (Master's degree in Public Administration), School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, (Wuhan), China. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, National University Of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, National University Of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/impact-of-grain-subsidy-policy-on-agricultural-ecological-efficiency-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:395485 2024-09-30 ger

A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Approach for Linking Energy Security and Primary Energy Supply Reduction Targets in Pakistan Javed Anwar Hidayat Ullah Khan Primary Energy Supply Reduction Targets Energy Security Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Modelling Pakistan This study examines the effects of reducing primary energy supply by 5%, 10%, and 15% through policy interventions from 2005 to 2050 on energy resource diversification, energy and oil import dependency, environmental emissions and energy security in Pakistan. Applying a CGE framework, the study finds that policy scenarios lead to decrease in cumulative primary energy supply, a rise in renewable energy, and a drop in greenhouse gas emissions. The results also show improved energy security, with a reduction in net energy import dependency, a decrease in net oil import dependency and a increase in energy resource diversification. These findings suggest that setting primary energy supply reduction targets could strengthen energy security in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Ph.D Scholar/Lecturer, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Head/Associate Professor, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/a-computable-general-equilibrium-cge-approach-for-linking-energy-security-and-primary-energy-supply-reduction-targets-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Digital Trade, Economic Growth and Employment Opportunities: Evidence from Pakistan Noorulain Mukamil Shah Afaq Amjid Digital Trade Unit Root Test Global Economy Economic Growth Unemployment Rate E-commerce Revenue Digital trade is transforming the global economy, and understanding its impact is crucial. This research explores the impact of the rise of the digital market and its effects on Pakistan's GDP and employment. This study shows the potential economic and social benefits, the opportunity to contribute to academic knowledge, and the formulation of effective policies to leverage digital trade for development. Quantitative data analysis on e-commerce revenue, Unemployment rate, GDPpc, Net exports, and Net FDI from 2000 to 2023 has highlighted the potential forecasted revenue from e-commerce and become the largest supplier of goods. The literature and information were mostly obtained from research articles and reports published online like Science Direct, EBSCO, Google Scholar, Research Gate, etc. Thus, since the e-commerce revenue has such a strongly positive correlation with the GDP per capita in Pakistan. However, with the right strategies, it has the potential to generate high revenues. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Economics, Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/digital-trade-economic-growth-and-employment-opportunities-evidence-from-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2024(IX-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gerjournal.com:395798 2025-06-30 ger

AI-Powered Early Warning Systems for Economic Crisis Prediction Using Outlier Detection, Time Series Forecasting, and Machine Learning Algorithms Umm e Furwa Outlier Detection; AI-Powered Early Warning Systems; Economic Crisis Prediction; Machine Learning Algorithms; Time Series Forecasting The current review addresses the integration of outlier detection, time series forecasting, and machine learning algorithms into the area of Early Warning Systems in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) based economic crisis prediction in the natural and environmental shock. The climate-related losses may have outliers in environmental economics because this type of loss is hard to forecast and appears to be a sudden energy surge or an unexpected pollution spike. The classical methods of statistics analyzed include Mahalanobis Distance and Minimum Covariance Determinant, while advanced methods include Local Outlier Factor, Isolation Forest, and Robust PCA, and their application in working with high-dimensional data. It also stresses machine learning algorithms such as Long Short-Term Memory networks and Random Forests in time series prediction. It puts an emphasis on scalability, robustness, and interpretability, and it shows how artificial intelligence-powered systems can contribute to preparedness, resilience, and policy reaction to risks. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2025-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gerjournal.com/article/aipowered-early-warning-systems-for-economic-crisis-prediction-using-outlier-detection-time-series-forecasting-and-machine-learning-algorithms https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2025(X-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Economic Review Volume 10, Issue 2 Pakistan